In Chicago , which contained the single largest black community in the nation , blacks held only 4 .7 percent of all white-collar jobs , and 80 percent of these were on the lower end of the pay scale . Based on these studies , the EEOC concluded that it needed to combat institutional racism , defined as a "phenomenon that victimized classes , not just individuals , through accumulated historical wrongs (Graham , 119 . Put differently , in the latter half of the 1960s , the EEOC , other federal policy-making...











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