Chandler 1996 ) as well as the rise of 'muscular Christianity . And as a number of social historians have shown (Burt 1995 , social reformers had been assured variations of these concerns since at least the early 1800s . In fact , a case could easily be made that the fear of physical deterioration , brought about by rapid urbanization , was one of the defining ideas of the Victorian age . For instance , McLaren (1997 ) shows how the explosion of office work in Europe and North...











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