The types and Effects of Slavery in the Indian Ocean

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Winant , Howard "Race in the Twenty-First Century (Race Politics , Tikkun , Jan-Feb 2002 Issue 1 match (internet from 10 /31 /05 (10-31-05 ) http /www .lawcf .org /dox /doc_75 .doc 1 match (internet from 01 /11 /08 (1-11-08 ) http /www .nrf .ac .za /SADA /CodebookPDF /S0102 .pdf 1 match (publications

Vink , Markus "The world 's oldest trade : Dutch slavery and slave trade in the Indian Ocean in the seventeenth cen , Journal of World History , June 2003 Issue

Authors Name Instructor Name Subject Date The Types and Effects of Slavery in the Indian Ocean 'Race ' has become a central issue in the historiography of slavery . In addition , slave owners distinguished slaves as products of uncivilized communities . Views of plantation slavery in the Americas have mainly formed the context for research into slavery in the 'non-European ' world . Attention focused first on western Africa , source of the massiveness of the 10 million to 12 million slaves shipped to the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries . Consequently it expanded to include other African slave sources , African slave exports to the Middle East and European islands in the Indian Ocean , and intra-African slave-trades and systems of slavery . Separate projects have examined Asian slave systems (Kopytoff and Miers , 1993 . The picture that has emerged from this research is one of intricate trans- Indian Ocean slave-trades that , distinct the transatlantic system , started well before the Common Era , remained dynamic into the twentieth century , and in some areas is still maintained . Some scholars think that the slave-trade was significantly stimulated by the rise of Islam , although more significant was the demand for menial Labour that accompanied the concomitant growth in the Indian Ocean global economy-as occurred again with the rapid expansion of the international economy in the nineteenth century (Richard M . Eaton , 1993 , pp .1-36 . The Indian Ocean slave-trade was multi-directional and changed over time . East African slaves were exported in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries to other regions of Africa , such as Ethiopia and Egypt , Arabia , the Persian Gulf , India , and to a lesser extent to the Far East . From the mid-eighteenth century , export markets in Africa expanded and substantial numbers of East Africans were shipped to Zanzibar , Pemba , Somalia , Madagascar , the Mascarenes , and some to Cape Town . They were also exported to Portuguese enclaves in India and the Americas . Malagasy slaves were sent in small quantities to Muslim markets , and to European settlements in the Americas , the Cape and Batavia and from the mid- eighteenth century in substantial numbers to Reunion and Mauritius . Indian slaves were shipped...