How the theories of human development can be integrated into planning interventions for clients

Running Head : Study of Human Development

study of human development

Theories of Human Development

Theories are credible general beliefs presented to clarify an incident or experience . In the world of psychology theories are essential in the preparation , execution and appraisal of an intervention (Breinbauer Maddaleno , 2005 . In this major theories about human development will be evaluated and how can it be applied to an intervention

Major Theories

Freud 's Psychosexual Stages of Development

Freud believed that various parts of our body provide gratification at a certain age . These parts

are called erotogenic zones . The table below shows the summary of these stages (Staub

Freud 's Psychosexual Stages of Development

STAGE APPROXIMATE AGES EROTIC FOCUS

Oral 0-1 Mouth

Anal 1-3 Anus

Phallic 3-6 Genitals

Latency 6-12

Genital Adulthood Genitals In the oral stage the mouth will be the center of gratification , sucking and biting are the behavior . As the infant develop control over its bodily functions the center for gratification moves to the anus , thus anal stage . The ability to hold and emit excrements voluntarily is a source for enjoyment . The next stage then moved to the genitals as the center for gratification . Freud believes that masturbation is common in this stage (Boeree , 2006 . However , the phallic stage is characterized by the Oedipus and Electra Conflict

The Oedipus conflict is what boys experience while the Electra conflict is the counterpart for girls . The conflict arises when a boy become aware that his father is his rival in the affections of his mother However the boy will recognize as well the superiority of the father and would fear for his genitals , this is called the castration anxiety . At the end of the phallic stage the boy will start to associate to his father instead of fearing him . The father will be a role model and the boy will try to be like him (Staub . Girls on the other hand see the mother as the enemy for the father 's affections . And instead of having castration anxiety girls experience penis envy (Staub . Girls envy the authority that comes with it since they notice the difference between a boy and a girl status in society (Boeree , 2006 . Because of the penis envy girls do not associate with their mother that much and as Freud believe , woman are more corrupt than man (Staub

In the latency stage sexual wishes are withdrawn and become inactive Focus is on other endeavors like learning . The last stage will be the genital stag where the sexual wishes surface again and focus of gratification are the genitals . This time around the sexual wish is about sexual interaction (Staub

According to Freud , fulfilling the desires in each of these stages are essential to avert getting stuck in the stage . If this happens , one could experience awful mannerisms or vices . For instance , one who is stuck in the oral stage could develop excessive chewing of gums or end of pencils or smoking . Supporters of the theory also deem that...