security intelligence

Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

A Comparison

NAME

PROFESSOR

SCHOOL

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence or AI is [a] subfield of computer science concerned with symbolic reasoning and problem solving (Turban Leidner , McLean Wetherbe 2006 ,

. 725 . AI is involved with the study of the thought processes of humans , and the representation of these processes into machines such as computers and robots (Turban , Leidner McLean Wetherbe 2006 ,

. 476 . According to the Turing test , a test to determine whether a computer is intelligent which was designed by Alan

Turing , a computer could be considered smart ' only when a human interviewer , conversing with both unseen human being and an unseen computer , cannot determine which is which (Turban , Leidner , McLean Wetherbe 2006 ,

. 477

The table below shows the comparison between the capabilities of natural and artificial intelligence

Capabilities Natural Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

Preservation of knowledge Perishable from an organizational point of view Permanent

Duplication and dissemination of knowledge Difficult , expensive , takes time Easy , fast , and inexpensive once knowledge is in a computer

Consistency of knowledge Can be erratic and inconsistent incomplete at times Consistent and thorough

Documentability of process and knowledge Difficult Fairly easy

Creativity Can be very high Low uninspired

Use of sensory experiences Direct an rich in possibilities Must be interpreted first limited

Recognizing patterns and relationships Fast , easy to explain Machine learning still not as good as people in most cases , but in some cases can do better than people

Reasoning Making use of wide context to experiences Good only in narrow focused , and stable conditions

Cost of knowledge Expensive Inexpensive if shared by many users

Source : Turban , Leidner , McLean Wetherbe 2006 ,

. 478

Hugh Cook says that While there are challenges to be met , artificial reality is inevitable . Human intelligence must adapt or become obsolete (2002 ,

. 100 , and that human intelligence can evolve faster with the techniques learned in developing artificial intelligence . Thus the very act of creating artificial intelligence has the potential to increase human intelligence . Cook further said that [artificial] intelligence can be designed to work with human intelligence . Expert systems , precursors to true artificial intelligence , have already been found to be more effective if they work to facilitate human understanding (Cook 2002 ,

. 102

To a lot of people , the meaning of artificial intelligence is basically "smart robots " that can demonstrate a degree of emotions , learn from their mistakes and communicate on an intelligent level with human beings (Chilson 2005 ,

. x . Chilson said

[that] the definition of artificial intelligence was first coined in 1956 by John McCarthy , a computer science professor at Stanford University , when he stated , intelligence can , in principle , be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it ' This definition has been revised many times since 1956 and a current common definition of artificial intelligence is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines , especially intelligent computer programs (2005 ,

. x

From what I have heard and read about artificial intelligence , I have identified several issues . These...