second exam

Chapter 19 Blood

I . Specify the composition and functions of plasma

Plasma is mainly composed of water , electrolytes , and proteins , in particular , globulin and albumin . Its most important functions include the transport of carbon dioxide , oxygen , glucose , amino acids , and lipids , among others

II . Describe the recycling system for aged or damaged red blood cells

Old or damaged red blood cells are recycled after certain macrophages called Kupfer cells consume them through phagocytosis . The hemoglobin portion of the red blood is broken down into heme and globin . The globin portion

is reused while the heme portion is further degraded into iron which is also reused

III . Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities

Blood typing basically determines the blood type of a person . Performing blood typing is important most especially during transfusion so that doctors would be able to transfuse the appropriate blood type to the patient . It is important to infuse blood with same blood type as the patient to avoid transfusion reactions . On the other hand , ABO and Rh incompatibilities happen when the blood being transfused does not have the same blood type and Rh as the patient . For example , its is ABO incompatible if blood type B is transfused to a patient with blood type A . Likewise , it is Rh incompatible if a patient who is blood type B , Rh positive , or a patient who has the D antigen in his blood , is transfused with a blood that is blood type B , Rh positive , or a patient who lacks the D antigen in his blood

IV . Categorize the various white blood cells on the basis of their structures and functions

Generally , white blood cells are divided into two categories : the granulocytes , which are white blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm and agranulocytes , which are white blood cells without granules . Granulocytes are basically cells with phagocytic capabilities which include neutrophils , eosinophils , monocytes , and basophils . On the other hand , agranuloctyes mainly include the lymphocytes , which are cells responsible for producing antibodies to fight foreign substances and induce immunity

Chapter 22 Lymphatic System and Immunity

I Identify the major components of the lymphatic system , and explain their functions

The major components of the lymphatic system include , the bone marrow which lymph nodes , spleen , and thymus . Their main functions include the transportation of lipids to the blood , the production of lymphocytes for defense against diseases , and also drains fluid from cells and tissues

II . List the body 's nonspecific defenses and explain the function of each

The body 's nonspecific defenses include skin barriers and mucous membranes which block foreign substances from entering , fever , which is a defense against inflammation , and white blood cells such as basophils neutrophils , macrophages , natural killer cells , and eosinophils , which all kill and attack foreign substances

III . Define specific resistance , and identify the forms and properties of immunity

Specific resistance means having an immunity to a particular foreign substance or disease . This type of resistance is induced by...