philosophy

Philosophy

Jan Paul Sartre is one of the brightest representatives of existentialism , was born in France 1905 . His philosophical ideas considered to be contradictive by many scientists , combine the ideas of Freud , Gusserel , Marx and other authors

The concept of Sartre 's philosophy is eclectic in general . It 's characterized by the tendency of synthesis of subjective idealism with objective idealism , as well as with some concepts of materialism . Sartre doesn 't fully support the main idea of existentialism existence is prior to essence , but he builds his own phenomenological ontology

br which is based on the radical contradiction of two forms of existence existence in one 's self , that substitutes objective reality , and existence for one 's self ' that is identical to human reality ' or consciousness . Gap between existence and consciousness causes dualism of Sartre 's philosophy . Being a reason of special sort of existence consciousness is considered to be xistence of existence ' by Sartre , but it 's also considered to be the only source of activity motion and qualitative life diversity that puts a sense into absurd and inertial world

The main category of Sartre 's morality is freedom . It is regarded as essence of human 's behavior , the source of activity , and is considered to be the only possibility of human 's existence . By Sartre 's opinion the man is always free otherwise he doesn 't exist . Sartre rejects objective principles and criteria of morality , objective determination of human 's behavior . In opposition to Sartre 's concept of free will that is based on the desires of the individual , Searle argues that free will is based on objective need . Searle opposes dualism in favor of his concept that is called biological naturalism . His concept considers consciousness to be phenomena of organism and to be its physical property

Frederick Nietzsche , famous German philosophy , came with very bold concept about human values , which made a revolution and caused a lot of argues in modern philosophy . In his work On the Genealogy of Morals Nietzsche comes with a new idea about revaluation of existing values and rejection of the most concepts of Christian moral . To his point of view most of the values that are accepted by modern societies and based on Christian moral are the values of weak people that consider equality compassion and modesty to be virtues . To Nietzsche 's point of view Christian moral and its values restricts the human being and doesn 't give him abilities for harmonic and full development . Nietzsche states that everything given by nature such as biological instincts , natural selection , desire to rule , pride and other qualities that develop super ' human being and that are despises by Christian moral , are the only that will bring humanity to prosperity . Nietzsche states that difference in behavior and difference in the choice of personal moral is based in diversity . Some people are strong by the nature , others are weak . Strong consider their virtues to be personal dignity , persistence confidence , strong will and energy . Weak have virtues that express their weak points : compassion , altruism , kind heart and reasonableness Nietzsche proposes that everyone makes his own choices that are based on his morality and reflect his inner world , not those that are commonly accepted if they restrict him . From this point it 's quite obvious that these concepts of Nietzsche are existentialist and are similar to the opinion of Sartre that stated the importance of individual and his freedom of choices

In the second essay of On the Genealogy of Morals Nietzsche is concerned with the origins of personal psychology and morality , and specifically with the origins of guilt . Nietzsche states that the development of the human from one that had more in common with an animal , than with something else to the modern type human took a long period in the history . With the appearance of human 's ability to reason he began to develop . The power of forgetting and the power of memory as counter one to forgetting first were powerful instincts , lately transformed and formed a full emotional and psychic inner world of a human . To develop the ability for keeping promises , human nature made a tremendous work in thousands of years and the result of this process is an individual who is master of his destiny and his life with an instinct to be superior primary to himself . Nietzsche explains that such evolution was promoted by pain , that pain was the engine of such evolution . Conscience and the sense of guilt were developed from sufferings caused by individuals , violence and pain . Nietzsche explains that humans were not offended by suffering naturally . Only senseless sufferings cause pain and that 's why for escaping from the shame of senseless sufferings people invented gods

Freedom is essential for Sartre 's man of good faith as well . Man of good faith takes freedom as a purpose of his actions . All his actions reflect the search of freedom and he realizes that his is the reason of his values system . In making decisions the man of good faith feels lost and undetermined because he understands that nothing , absolutely nothing , justifies me in adopting this or that particular value , this or that scale of values . Sartre describes man of good faith in several of his works , describing his power and freedoms of making choices and stating that the man himself invented good and evil as well as god . To his opinion the existence of the man proves xistence of God , because the last one came from human 's imagination but not vice versa ...