genetics

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Genetics

Thesis Statement

This essay discusses the career of Genetic Engineering , defining the meaning of it , looking at its ' history and discussing advantages and disadvantages of it

What is Genetic Engineering

I believe to understand what genetic engineering , we need to delve briefly into what genetics itself is . But when do the forces that will influence that child 's development begin ? The answer is also at conception . When the sperm penetrates the ovum it releases 23 chromosomes . Around the same time the ovum

's nucleus breaks up and releases another 23 chromosomes

It has been established that these chromosomes , which are broken down still further into even smaller particles which we call genes are what carry the heredity of the child . These 46 chromosomes carry all the physical heritage of the child , from his mother and his father (Mussen , Conger and Kagan , 1970 . Of course this applies to all living beings , including animals and plants . Artificial changes to a gene are genetic engineering

History of Genetic Engineering

With the cloning of Dolly the Sheep and subsequent episodes , as well as the heightened debate of genetic engineering and modification that ensued , one might think that genetic engineering is new . This , however is not the case

Approximately 10 ,000 years ago the beginnings of agriculture came about in the form of selections of wild grasses and subsequent breeding in cultivation to form the precursors of modern staples such as wheat , rice and maize . A considerable practical knowledge was developed by breeders over the centuries and selection procedures often achieved from a single wild species a huge difference in form and function : e .g . the Great Dane and Chihuahua dog varieties from the wolf . Furthermore 'unnatural hybrids -- i .e . creating breeds across species barriers -- were made in ancient times . For instance the mule , a cross between a jackass or male donkey and a mare has been used as a pack animal in Europe for at least 3 ,000 years

Since then breakthroughs in genetic engineering have occurred on an ongoing basis , with one of the latest being one in 2004 at Seoul National University in South Korea : first human embryos created that were true clones of the sixteen women who provided the cells to make them (A History of Genetic Engineering , 2005

What are the benefits of Genetic Engineering

Of course genetic engineering can be used in the treatment and prevention of all kinds of ills , in all worlds : human , animal and plant . But is it all good ? Because genetic engineering is a largely unknown quantity , it is not possible to quantify risks , and therefore to say that the benefits outnumber the risks is a statement without proof

That said , these benefits cannot be ignored . One example of an area of rapid change is genetic mapping . An international , scientific effort known as the Human Genome Project is attempting to construct a detailed genetic chart , or "map " of all the human chromosomes . The goal is to...