what is the extent of international cooperation in `global commons` areas?

Extent of International Cooperation in Global Commons ' Area

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With the advent of globalization , strong economic linkages had been formed among states and groups of developed and developing states . Here the term development ' was readily associated with economic development , which , in conventional terms , refers to the utilization and exploitation of natural resources (Pinto 2007 . Utilization and exploitation here is morally neutral . Both developed and developing nations during the early half of the 20th century adamantly exploited the environment for economic development , that is , for the

building of profit-driven manufacturing sector

In recent decades , however , the term acquired a new meaning . With the escalation of environmental problems in developing countries , world institutions like the World Bank and the WWF encouraged developed countries to formulate steps to reduce the effects of these environmental problems . Most of the developed countries responded positively to the suggestion (with the exception of the United States They agreed to pool some of their resources for environmental researches . These researches had two standing goals (Taylor 2004 . The first objective was to facilitate economic development in developing countries by apportioning some of their capital outlay to these countries . The second and most important goal was to protect and conserve the environment from the effects of development that is , the so-called unregulated development . Thus , the term sustainable development ' made its appearance in the World Conservation Strategy published in 1980 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (Pinto 2007 . This term was adopted by the World Commission on Environment and Development

This term conveyed the idea of a conservative form of environmental protection , coupled with the continued sustainability of a resource Here non-renewable resources were spared and the productivity of renewable resources were maintained or upgraded . Thus , a new form of international relations developed out of the international concern for sustainable development

The implication of the new international relations was the use of resources outside a state 's boundaries . Resources outside national boundaries (any type of resource whether air or water , whether the resource is fixed , mobile or even fluctuating ) which are distributed equitably among countries (which implies the regulation of access to a particular resource ) is called global commons (Pinto 2007

With the creation of the so-called global commons ' there was a pressing need to regulated global resources via cooperative means . This implies that countries participating in the sustainable strategy project ' need to realign their policies to that of global institutions like the World Bank and the United Nations (as well as hosts of environmental conferences . This realigning was simple theoretically Each country must contribute to the maintenance , utilization , and sustainability of resources outside (but not included in the boundaries of other countries ) their boundaries . In addition , the changes that countries would implement should be in accordance with the principles of sustainable development . Developed and developing countries cooperated to meet the objectives of the policy . Developed and developing countries though initially (and even now ) had lapses in cooperative implementation . Developed countries had sufficient resources to...