To what extent did the Women in Development Programme achieve its aim of women’s empowerment? How do the concepts of ‘power over’ and ‘power to’ help to explain the problems with the project?

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Extent of Women 's Empowerment : Analysis of Women in Development Programme

The purpose of this is to give answer to questions that has something to do with women empowerment . Some concepts on power are discussed in relation to analysis on the Women in Development Programme Indeed , to what extent did the Women in Development Programme achieve its aim of women 's empowerment ? How do the concepts of power over and power to ' help to explain the problems with the project

Introduction

It is not surprising if we encounter

about women empowerment issues The reason behind the ardent move on women empowerment is because of the truth that women are not treated equal with men . While it is true that in many countries nowadays women are given the opportunity to develop in all aspects equal with men , but it was not done in all cases . There are other countries that are still in the process of giving women their say in everything that they do

The presence of women in our lives is very important . It cannot be denied that they are responsible for making our homes organized and harmonious . Even in the most unfortunate homes driven by utmost poverty women provide their compassionate sense to do their part . Such contribution was known to be indispensable in the sense that no other group of individuals who can stand a very difficult situation aside from the women in our homes . It is natural for them to build and nurture homes . Women are the vessels of humanity . That is why , women empowerment is an issue that needs huge attention

In India , women are also considered an important group in the society As the country is still underdeveloped , women played a very important role in coping with societal problems . Most of the 2

families lived in villages found in rural areas , so that women 's effort to adjust for their families is evident . As Kanika Loomba puts it there are also many problems in Indian villages like poverty , health education , water supply and electricity .1 With that , there was a wide disparity between the rural and urban society . In to develop the villages into a progressive society , empowerment of the people is necessary . That is why , there were many empowerment projects that has been conducted in rural places of India . These empowerment projects are mostly funded by international organizations

One of the empowerment projects in the rural areas was conducted in village Chowki located in district Dehradun , that is , Uttar Prodesh-Doon Valley Integrated Watershed Management Project . Such project was systematically observed by observers from the Department of Sociology in Delhi School of Economics , India . Thus , in this , the analytic observation in the case of Doon Valley Integrated Watershed Management Project will be studied in relation to the concepts of women empowerment

The project was a participatory approach wherein the people are directly involved of the project . According to Kanika Loomba , the purpose of using participatory approach was to make the villagers aware and be responsible for their own development .2 There is no other way of making the people realize their full potentials in contributing to their economic development than giving them the opportunity to participate in the project . With respect to the role of women in the project , it can be gleaned in the case study how it works well with them 3

People in the village are fortunate enough to experience an empowerment project in their place . It was one way of giving them a chance to combat poverty . In connection with that , the main objective of the project is to prevent environmental degradation in the rural area of Chowki . Aside from that , activities are also designed to improve the quality of life of the villagers . It was possible since the people are guided in their participation in the project . Women are also given opportunities to improve their abilities to take care of their families These mode of completing the project made the women in the village to develop their communication skills as well as their other capabilities

Analysis of Women in Development Programme

Before giving analysis of the project , it is proper to lay down the concepts of power . Many scholars and authors gave a concrete definition and conceptual framework on the subject

Concepts of Women Empowerment

In the words of Rowlands , the meaning of power over ' is the dominant conceptualization of power as the control of some individuals or groups by others , either overtly such as physical force and legal sanctions or covertly such as internalized oppression self-censorship .3 This scenario of power shows that when a particular group of persons gained power , it means the lose of power in some other groups On the other hand , it was Rowlands who gave a concrete definition of power to ' which means that it creates new possibilities and actions without creating domination .4 It provides meaning on productive power something that motivates individuals to create intellectual things . The good thing is that , if this power is taken seriously by people it will develop into 4

something useful since it will prove the saying that knowledge is power .5

In connection with this , Rowlands includes power with ' from power within ' in the idea of power to . Power with ' is basically a vehicle for achieving social change wherein people undertakes collective action .6 It has not something to do with individual actions , it points out the opposite . Collective action is aimed of achieving social change since it is more effective to do so . On the other hand , Rowlands explains that power within ' is conceptualized as an inner strength based on self-respect and self-acceptance which enables people to respect others and recognize them with equal standing .7 It is more on conviction and personal strength of a person than outside influences

As for Rozario , she identified two concepts of empowerment and these are individual and collective empowerment . Rozario defined individual empowerment based on Solomon 's definition touching on the idea that activities with the client that aim to reduce the powerlessness that has been created by negative valuations based on membership in a stigmatized group .8 This empowerment concept relates on changing the person rather than that , the individual person is treated as important . He must be shielded from direct and indirect power blocks such as restrictions in access to education and healthcare .9 With respect to the concept on collective empowerment , Rozario expressed the same based on Friere 's definition 5

within the context of Marxist liberation theology , of collective action opposite to a highly oppresive

social system .10 The essence of collective action was based on the fact that any individual cannot bring changes to power relations in the society . The difficulty to do so will be corrected by bringing a lot of people to action instead of a lone political player . Yet , Rozario argued that it is difficult for collective empowerment to be applied in rural areas because of the established power structures in the area . The sad part is that benefits of development programmes will most likely go to groups of people who are already powerful since the less powerful do not have the strength to question it .11 It will create social inequalities then

It is wise to include other definitions of empowerment from other scholars . One of them is Kabeer who gave an excellent definition of the same . According to Kabeer , there are two forms of empowerment and these are instrumental form and processual form .12 Instrumental form basically means that empowerment requires measurement in terms of efficiency while processual form is a process by which people who are not given enough chances to decide in life are the ones that can acquire much ability .13 Basically , the concept pertains to the idea that those who have more in life , those who can decide for themselves are the ones who may be powerful but not empowered . This is because , for a person to be empowered , he must first be disempowered .14 This idea is applicable in measuring the development of women empowerment because most of the time women are not free to decide for themselves . It is the men who usually decide for themselves . It has something to do 6

with the opportunity women can decide for themselves

On the part of Mosdale , her explanation on women empowerment is founded on the concept of oppressive gender relations and for her ,there should be a radical changes on this one .15 The emphasis on this empowerment concept was the disempowerment of women women so that they can be empowered . This is very important for her because she wanted to eliminate multiple social relations that is disadvantageous to women Besides , a collective action of women is more effective rather than giving them the opportunity to make choices in life .16 In short , if there is disempowerment on women , there will be no oppression because eventually they can be empowered

The good thing here is that , there will be extension of possibilities for women to develop themselves . The opportunities that they may encounter will give them ideas on what they should want to be and what to do . Mosdale added that to be able to understand women empowerment there should be identification of constraints to action with respect to power over ' and power to , there should also be identification on the development of women 's agency and how it changed the constraints to action .17 In line with these , it is important to lay down the manifestations of women 's enpowerment . The ways and means on how it can be measured or asserted should also be tackled . As for Mosdale , there should be an establishment of a baseline constraints to women 's actions preferably by a specific group of women also so that there will be a definition of state of gendered 7

power .18 Such definition should be obtained before any action is done The next thing to do is to repeat the same process for us to know if the constraints was loosened . That will then eventually lead to a more organized social relations wherein there is equality

A more concrete analysis on women empowerment in terms of identification was given by Rowlands . Rowlands believes that if there are changes as time goes by , there are more chances of wielding women empowerment .19 These include increase on the ability to act on the part of women . As women develop in the society , they tend to know their actions and blend it with other women . The result is a perception on themselves that they are already capable of participating in different activities in the society . As such , it would be easy for the women to bring out opinions to others . They will also gain the ability to use their time effectively .20 It will include mastery in controlling their resources . In effect , women will know how to efectvely interact with other people by initiating activities and respond to events .21 On the other hand , Kabeer believed that it is not easy to measure social change . It will relate to measuring resources , agency , achievement , and even triangulation .With respect to measuring resources , the indicators related to formal access of resources is very much different from indicators based on control of resources .22 There was areminded that control is difficult to measure . For instance , control on earnings and expenditure , economic self-reliance , decision-making as well as choice of spouse are not easy to measure .23 The 8

aforementioned societal activities are effects of social change that is open-ended . That expalins its difficulty to define and measure as to its value . As for measuring agency , the case is different . There will be involvement of indicators of positive and negative agency .24 These will include women 's mobility , public participation , male violence and decision-making . In fact , decisions in different situations are extensively varied and not equally persuasive as baseline of empowerment as it entails different degree of women 's lives

This can be described in a situation wherein in terms of decision-making , women are most likely responsible in the household management as well as minor decisions . Practically , measuring achievement is also a different situation . In that sense , there is a need to distinguish indicators of women 's achievements with and without gender roles .25 This means that , if there are activities that are considered not a gender role among women , transformatory indicators of achievements must be considered

With respect to triangulation , there shoud be a unified analysis on resources , agency and achievements in to understand women empowerment . It cannot be separated when determining the meaning of any indicator to have a valid measurement of women empowerment . The point here is that , if there are contrasting indicators of measurement in women empowerment , there will be a conflicting conclusions on any evaluation for that matter . In short , the concepts of power used in the analysis must be the same . Otherwise , there will be no consistent evaluation reached . Aside from that , Hasbemi , Schuler , and Riley measures women empowerment in a different way . They utilized eight dimensions to do so . According to Hasbemi , Schuler and Riley , it 9

is necessary to use eight dimensions if only to measure women empowerment , and these eight dimensions include mobility , economic security , ability to make small and larger purchases , involvement in major household decisions , relative freedom from domination in the family , political and legal awareness and involvement in political campaigns and protest .26 The last analysis on women empowerment will involve possibilities of achieving women empowerment and some problems in putting the same into practice

There are four ways and means in putting women empowerment into practice provided by different scholars . These include empowerment through rural credit programmes , empowerment through forest management programmes , empowerment through deconstructing domination and empowerment and fieldwork research . According to Hashemi , Schuler and Riley , rural credit programmes empowered women opposite to the views of other scholars .27 For them , credit schemes helps alleviate the income of women for them to be able to contribute in the family finances . It makes their lives better than before . Besides , having access to credit schemes gave women the better opportunity to participate in family decision-making

The next one is empowerment through forest management programmes in which Meizen-Dick and others describe as the move from customary system of land tenure to private property .28 The availability and management of land , trees and water affects the welfare of every individual . The ownership of those natural resources is crucial to the economic development of a community or 10

society . Thus , there should be equitable distributio of the said natural resources . Aside from that , there is also empowerment through deconstructing domination . According to Kandirikirira , gender identity pertains to men 's power relationships with other ethnic groups . In a given ethnic community for instance , a constant struggle in to overcome control by dominating power in the society can be seen in to gain balance of power in terms of ethnic , religious and class heirarchies .29 Kandirikirira gives an example of this empowerment that when children expresess their experiences through school plays shown in the community . In this respect , discrimination in the community will be challenged and ended as children voiced out their side

Analysis of Women in Development Programme

This is an analysis of a case study of the Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment by the Department of Sociology Delhi School of Economics . The site of the project was in Village Chowki particularly in India . It was the first village to experience developmental activities and that it played a role of model village in the place

The watershed project was a participatory approach and was named as Watershed Management Project . Its main purpose was to change the social system from male -oriented programmes to sharing of knowledge with rural women . The focus of the study in that project was to know and delve into the role played by women in community development in village Chowki . The team who done the case study used many methods in to reach their goal . These methods include visiting the field of study and mingle with the villagers . They were able to gather informations by means of interviewing villagers and project staff . They also gather information 11

from the Watershed management Directorate . There were also group discussions with the villagers . Aside from that , to be able to understand the villagers , the field researchers tried to help the villagers in their day- to- day activities particularly that of women in the village

The Watershed Development Programmes was done in India the purpose of which is to improve and sustain productivity of the disadvantaged hill and dry or semi-arid regions of the country through consevation techniques and as well as to meet the basic needs of the villagers Note that , the target area for development was watershed . According to Loomba , watershed is a geographical area drained by a stream or streams in which all the surface run-off originating due to atmospheric precipitation leaves the geographical limits in a concentrated flow through a single water outlet .30 The project practically covers all kinds of lands such as governmental lands , forest , community and private lands falling within a watershed . 31 This is to include all possibilities of development in the area . Basically , the conservation is basically to increase the overall productivity of a given area dependent on rainfall .32 Thus , the project was a holistic move to improve the lives of the villagers

In addition to that , the project was initiated into three phases . These phases inlude preparatory phase , implementation phase and the closure phase . Preparatory phase was the time when staff for the project was established . Implementation stage was the time when project activities are being executed . The closure phase would last for about two years in to allow 12

ly completion . The key strategies was that the target areas are those that are overly underdeveloped and that the village is the basic unit . The basic move was increasing livestock productivity , increase of fuel and fodder supplies , and improving minor irrigation water supplies .33 All these goals will surely answer the problems of the villagers keeping in mind the improvement of their economic strength

It was noted that women domost of the work in farming such as cropping management of livestock , domestic chores and caring for the children That is why their utmost paricipation in the project was very important Aside from that , there were women coordinators chosen in to initiate a two-way communication process . It was the role of the coordinators to assess the situation of the village and to explain the project activities to the villagers . A coordinator will be responsible for about two or more villages in the project area backed up by a motivator who is a lady from the village itself

There was a great emphasis on placing women in the project coordination to ensure that the work will reduce the heavy workload imposed on them This indeed a better way of thinking about the role of women in development in the community . Aside from that , Loomba pointed out that there was a huge controversy in the village about the position of women in the society , particularly the caste system . This was illustrated in a situation wherein albeit a girl may belong to the high caste , the rest of the villagers still consider her as a lower caste .34 In addition to that ,the major conflicts in the village are caused by land ownership and these situations were brought on to future 13

generations . There is also no school in the village , so one has to travel to Hariawala to attend school . Hence , many parents restrict the girls from going to school once they grow up a little .35 Although , this was the situation in the village , girls are not ignorant . In fact there was a woman representative in the state level developments in the political arena , and she was Rita Devi .36

Furthermore , people are primarily engaged with agriculture and they are dependent on it . In farming , there is a sexual division of labour and also a division of time with woman helping out mostly in the early morning or afternoon .37 In this situation , the women are participants in attaining progress in the community

When the project was implemented in the area , people are confused on its purpose and rationale . However , they participated in every orientation of the project . After the curiousity showed by the villagers , they eventually trusted the project staff . Among their many requirements , the villagers needed to have either a tailor in the village or stitching classes for women so that they did not have to go to the city .38 So , the result was the formation of stitching classes in the village with the help of the project staff

It was the motivator who told the observers of the project that a group of women used to visit the village to take classes in the course of which a bond was formed between them . The people were so to the project staff that they felt free to discuss anything with them . The discussion 14

may include issues on marital life , health concerns or day-to-day household problems . The project staff would in turn tell the women about hygiene , ways of conducting themselves and even city life

There was an issue about the election of Omraki Devi as the village motivator . The observers of the project was told that she was selected as the motivator by the project staff because ofher leadership skills and abilities in persuading the villagers and make them understand the project .39 Omraki Devi was even considered as the most talkative woman in the area and that she knew how to handle people

There are many problems that has been stated by the villagers . These problems include water supply , employment , school , hospital needs fodder and fuel .40 There was no enough supply of water for drinking and irrigation . Aside from that , there wa also an unstable agricultural production in the village . That is the reason why men had to go to the city to look for daily wage labour . However , such was not always available . Besides , women cannot do the same thing of going to the city to look for daily wage jobs for the reason that they should not leave their families .41 As a result , they wanted some income-generating work within the village as they felt that their husbands ' earnings were not enough to support their day-to-day living

There was also no primary and secondary schools in the village . That is why children below the age of six could not go to school to learn something at an early stage . There was also a great necessity of a hospital in the village . Besides , there was lack of fodder and fuel Basically , it was the 15

women who would travel some distance to gather grass and wood . They would have to spend a large part of their day in collecting these materials . As a result , they have only little time for other work and even leisure activities

On the issue on whether or not the watershed team gave importance on the problems of the villagers , there were different reactions from the people . The watershed team had done everything for the rich or those who are close to the motivator . Aside from that , those who got more money got more advantages of the project than those who are so poor . 42

Rich people obtain things for themselves from the watershed team leaving nothing for the less unfortunate . Some villagers said that the watershed team made positive contributions like construction of tanks What is relevant is that , women were given more importance than men However , the villagers all agreed that stitching lesson had been given and utensils , biogas , plants , cookers and seeds were distributed .43

With respect to monetary schemes , the villagers were also given their own . Such was called revolving fund . It was a fund collected by a committee from people who bought things from the watershed team . The money collected would remain in the organization and coukd be withdrawn whenever needed . 44 However , there are also many comments about the revolving fund . For some of the villagers , it was difficult to withdraw money from the organization holding the funding and only influential persons only who can withdraw the same 16

Other effects of the watershed projects were expressed by the villagers as repoted in the case study . The watershed project brought about changes in the lives and daily routines of the villagers . It is applicable especially to the women community . Women usually got up about 4 :30 in the morning .45

That early , women participates in the project with eagerness . After personal preparation when they wake up , women went for an hour to work in the fields . Upon their return , they will prepare breakfast for the whole family and send the children to school . After that , they will then do other household chores .46 Aside from that , the women participated cultivation activities with men . It was not on a regular basis though as it will depend on every season and timing

Due to the project , there was a considerable change in the amount of time spent by women on work such as cutting grass , collecting fodder and fuel from the forest . Before the watershed project was implemented in village Chowki , women had to go long distances to fetch water . But now whenever there was a scarcity , they could get it from the ancestral tank which the project staff had developed into a concrete tank .47 It was indeed a big help for women , making their work more convenient

Aside from the aforementioned observations in the project , there are more comments on the same . According to the villagers , they noticed that there was attitudinal change that occurred . Such attitudinal change was seen more on women . Because of the project , women are no longer shy in 17

their interactions with other people . They become more assertive and open feeling more confident

about handling things on their own . Women started taking part in decision-making for their own development as well as in their public affairs . In addition to that , new farming techniques such as high-yielding seeds , fertilizers and pesticides agricultural production had increased .48 It made the economic situation of the village boom because the farmers are able to sell their produce in the market . They were able to raise more income then

Even though there was a positive feedback on the watershed project , it was not without challenges on the part of the projetc team . The staff confided that getting information from women was actually difficult for reasons of unapproachability and lack of time arising from their heavy workload .49 In the watershed project , it was evident that gender was given utmost consideration . One way of obtaining the confidence of women is giving them skills development activities like stitching and tailoring classes . It was a source of livelihood especially for unmarried females

In addition to that , the participation of women has caused the collection of household information easier . Without them , the project team will experience a hard time coping with the lack of trust developed in the minds of the villagers . Since women are capable of building friendly relations with other people , they helped a lot in giving a congenial atmosphere in every activities of the project . Such attributes were necessary to enhance the participation level of the people in the community in support of the watershed project . More importantly , women were included because the watershed management team believed that they are helpful in institution-building in the area 18

Conclusion

It is relevant to answer the main question in this . The question was stated in this way , to what extent did the women in Development Programme achieve its aim of women 's empowerment ? How do the concepts of power over ' and power to ' help to explain the problems with the project ? Well , it is obvious that the project in Chowki village did not because of the fact that the village was the first recipient of the project and the project staff is still on the process of learning from the pitfalls of implementing a participatory project

Basically , the strategy used in women empowerment with respect to Watershed Development Programmes was to disempower the project staff in favor to the villagers . Through the participatory approach , the villagers are empowered to do their own contribution for their development . This approach as applicable to women in the village . A direct impact of the project was said to be the involvement of women in developmental activities

Women are active in participating in skills development training that gave them so many advantages . There was an obvious sharing of knowledge with rural women . Because of the things that the women learned in the skills development training conducted by the project team , they become self-reliant . The programme actually covers all women in the village irregardless of economic and social background . It fostered the spirit of camaraderie and cooperation among them

Aside from that , the selection of Omraki Devi as the motivator in the village was a signal to th women in Chowki that if they have leadership skills they can lead a group of people . It will encourage women to be part of the society in terms of leadership oppotunities and decision-making 19

It will also empower them to improve their communication skills to be able to lead other people . Like Omraki Devi , they can also develop themselves so that they will also be good in handling people

It is remarkable when the women in village Chowki experienced attitudinal changes . It was a huge development when the women eventually learned to be assertive and open by sharing their own ideas in attaining economic development . In matters of public affairs , women are becoming conscious in participating in decision-making processes . That was indeed empowerment of women

The revolving fund also contributed to the women empowerment . Through the revolving fund , women were able to augment their family income . With respect to the concept on power over , it helps in explaining the problems in the project in the sense that if the villagers were not given a chance to hold power by participating in the project , it would be difficult for them to be convinced to support the project . It was necessary fro the project team to give up power over the villagers to make the project successful

Finally , with respect to the concept of power to ' it was actually explained in the idea that skills development seminar was shared to the women . It made them productive in the long run . It basically empowers women especially the unmarried ones as they were able to have their own source of income . Aside from the fact that the women learned from the skills development training , they also helped other villagers by means of initiating the move for open forum in the community so that their problems will be made known to the project team . Thus , the watershed project fully empowered the women in village Chowki as they were able to contribute changes in the society for the better 20

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37 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

38 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

39 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

40 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

41 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

42 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

43 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

44 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

45 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

46 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

47 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

48 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000

49 K Loomba , Participatory Watershed Management and Rural Empowerment N . N . Deepak Pritha Das Gupta , India , 2000 ...