diabetes type 2

The increased sugar in the blood must be excreted via the kidneys , resulting in osmotic diuresis that results to fluid and electrolyte loss leading to glucosuria and dehydration . Then due to the breakdown of fatty acids accumulation of ketone bodies in the bloodstream will increase the blood pH resulting to acidosis

On the other hand , Hyerglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Syndrome usually happens in patients with Type 2 diabetes . This is more common in older people with Type 2 diabetes and is more severe when compared to diabetic ketoacidosis . In addition to hyperglycemia

, increased osmolarity is the result of marked dehydration and electrolyte losses Unlike in diabetic ketoacidosis , there is no production of ketones that will lead to acidosis . The symptoms are milder therefore there is a tendency that seeking medical help will be delayed , making the problem with increased glucose and osmolarity get worse

Chronic Hyperglycemia

There are three general types of long term hyperglycemia complications namely : microvascular diss , macrovascular diss and neuropathies . In microvascular complications , the small blood vessels such as the capillaries , small arteries and veins are seriously affected . The retina and kidneys are the primary organs affected because of chronic hyperglycemia . In diabetic retinopathy , the small blood vessels in the retina slowly deteriorate , becoming less functional as time goes by . Many patients experience no or little symptoms such as blurring of vision and other visual changes . These changes may progress to visual impairment and even blindness in many patients with both types of Diabetes Mellitus

Nephropathy is a common microvascular dis of diabetes . Increased level of serum glucose increases the osmotic pressure in the renal tubules , thus the glomerular function is altered and leads to renal insufficiency . Progressive renal insufficiency eventually results to end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetes

Macrovascular diss refer to diseases affecting the large...