criminal justice

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Prison

07 December , 2006 Discipline and Punishment in Hallinan In the catalog of crime prevention , punishment in varying forms and degrees are socially implemented with the impression that such actions are a deterrent to criminal behavior and thereby limit violence . The relative to calls for equal protection of laws has idealized the non-usurpation of pain infliction that questioned forms of punishment in stark contrast to ethical beliefs that crime can be prevented at its root cause . In the last 20 years , an alternative

approach to reform and behavioral modification has given rise to the discussion of a multi-disciplinary approach and theories that prevent the incidence of criminal deviation . This approach has gained wider acceptance as a preventive means in stark contrast to the allowance a certain crime to happen before society takes action and incur varying degrees of physical punishment to the individual . Joseph Hallinan in 2001 has examined the transformation of the American penal system and its effects on the community in particular According to him , Americans used to protest any announced plans to build prisons in their communities . The presence of convicts within a perimeter of ones residence was perceived as grim and frightening Recently however , people try to attract penitentiaries for the economic benefits they can bring to the community . Instead of focusing their priorities to the rehabilitation of inmates , prison officials are faced with budget concerns that have seen a negative focus more on reducing maintenance cost per inmate on a daily basis . These institutional changes in the penal system which Hallinan observes may have been implemented without substantive public debate Is the shift towards punishment and incapacitation in the nation 's criminal justice system just ? When prisons are viewed as profit factories (143 ) and the nation depends on public prisons to ensure the economic well-being of hundreds of rural communities there is a strong urge to keep the prisons full . Prison officials are no longer duty-bound to prepare convicts for a successful re-entry into the society . Numerous activities that promote the acquisition of knowledge and skills self-esteem and respect for others that should have been provided during incarceration are negated as business attitudes endorse the prison as an industrial complex ' within a community filled with corporations hungry for profit When the idea that prison mean big business , the incarceration rate in the US has tripled and has reached 1 .3M inmates according to Hallinan and generating at least 37 .8 billion in the economy . Although incarceration is a method that supports the reform model that the government and community should endorse , we are also aware that pro-life activities require a costly maintenance . However it is highly inconceivable to promote a just system when the prison population is tremendously increased What types of policies characterize mass incarceration and what is the range of punishments given by the system ? Hallinan has provided that an increase in the size of a prison population is owed to the government 's stance to be tough on...