cholelithiasis

Cholelithiasis indicates the presence of stones , composed of cholesterol or calcium salt , in the gall bladder or bile duct . This condition may be indicated by nausea , appetite , and a low grade fever When individuals ignore minor symptoms , cholelithiasis sometimes results in jaundice . Many individuals with cholelithiasis do not experience symptoms , so the pathology is identified through testing . Mayer and McMahon (1985 ) published the use of biochemical diagnostic indicator decades ago . In a more recent study by Hassan and colleagues (2004 cholecystograms , surgeries , and X-rays were used to diagnose patients with presenting

symptoms of abdominal pain . A cholecystogram is a radiographic study that is conducted prior to the secretion of bile by the gallbladder . Patients are required to ingest contrast medium prior to the procedure

Like other developed countries , the incidence rate of cholelithiasis is high (8 ) in the United States (Brown , Morton , Behrns Shaheen , 2008 In the last several years , there have been more an increasing number of hospital admissions related to gallstones according to a recent study by Brown and colleagues . This can be attributed to Americans ' high cholesterol diet and the association between cholelithiasis and carotid atherosclerosis (Mendez-Sanchez , et al , 2007 . There are several treatments , including surgical and pharmacological options , available to treat this common condition . Laparoscopic surgery is the most common invasive intervention , but a study by Keus and others (2008 ) found no difference between this intervention and the use of a small incision to remove the stone . Cholelithiasis has been identified as a major cause of morbidity but prognosis following treatment is good with the exception of infection or excessive blood loss during surgery . There are few empirically recognized ways to prevent the formation of gallstones , but maintaining a healthy weight and a balanced diet lessens the likelihood of this condition (Hassan et al , 2004

References

Brown , A , Young , B , Morton , J , Behrns , K Shaheen , N (2008 . Are health related outcomes in acute pancreatitis improving ? An analysis of national trends in the U .S . from 1997 to 2003 . Journal of the Pancreas 9 , 408-414

Hassan , T .J , Maqsood , R , Zuberi , S .J Saghir , A .C (2004 . Clinical and biochemical study of 114 cases of cholelithiasis . Journal of Pakistan Medical Association , 54 , 46-48

Keus , F , de Vries , J , Gooszen , H .G van Laarhoven , C . J . H . M (2008 . Laparoscopic versus small- incision cholecystectomy : health status in a blind randomized trial . Surgical Endoscopy , 22 , 1649-1659

Mayer , A .D McMahon , M .J (1985 . Biochemical identification of patients with gallstones associated with acute pancreatitis on the day of admission to hospital . Annals of Surgery , 201 , 68-75

Mendez-Sanchez , N , Zamora-Valdes , D , Flores , Rangel , J , Perez-Sosa J .A , Vasquez-Fernandez , F , et al (2007 . Gallstones are associated with carotid atherosclerosis . Liver International , 28 , 402-408

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