chandler

Britain 's relatively much smaller firms

2nd key argument : Germany model in national economic growth borrowed from US

Germany 's `co-operative Managerial Capitalism ' is used by Chandler to present cartels and inter-firm co-operation in Germany firms . But the good performance of German economy was dominated by Germany 's particular higher education and training system (apprenticeship , bank finance , and its natural industrial prowess in industries of heavy machinery or chemicals . Germany is obviously different from the liberal market in US and Chandler neglected those critical aspects in determining competitive advantages

but emphasised the size of German market in to indicate the important role of hierarchical organizational management and market trend structure , which are similar as US

Considering the similarity between Germany and Britain , BMW can be taken as an interesting example to establish that family owned enterprise in Germany also can be successful in the oligopolistic competition . BMW did dominate in automobiles industry by adopting `differentiation ' as a luxury brand until now . Hence it really depends on the circumstances in different nations to maintain organizational capabilities and economic growth

3rd key argument : briefed late development with business groups and networks

The main reason for unsuitable explanation of Japanese firms by Chandler 's model is that either strategies or the structure in Japanese enterprises relied on external forces deeply . Protection by government in economic performance , stable financing , specific labour market and trade unions in firms all supported Japanese companies to compete against earlier industrialisations . Moreover , most of Japanese business group are family owned without salaried professional managers Multidivisional structure in Japanese organization was possible only in the light of successful evidence in Toyota 's lean production system Lean production runs in a relied on knowledge sharing during multi-team work in employees and even lower salaried managers . China did develop successfully in large-scale...