burkitt`s lymphoma

Burkitt Lymphoma was mapped out in geographic distribution across Africa by Dr . Denis Parsons Burkitt (Huang 2005 . This disease is a high grade B-cell neoplasm , which has two major forms : the endemic (i .e African nature ) and the non-endemic (i .e . sporadic nature . Burkitt Lymphoma is mainly found as childhood tumor , yet it is , also , observed in adult patients (Huang 2005 . This Lymphoma type is one of the fastest growing malignancies in humans , and it has a high growth fraction (Huang 2005

Burkitt Lymphoma is a monoclonal proliferation of B lymphocytes that

is characterized by small non-cleaved cells is appeared to be uniform in appearance (Huang 2005 . It produces a diffuse pattern of tissue involvement . While under the microscope , this lymphoma is characterized by the presence of a starry sky ' appearance due to scattered macrophages with phagocyte cell debris this is observed in other highly proliferate lymphomas , as well (Huang 2005

The African form of this lymphoma most often involves the maxilla or mandible and the involvement of abdominal organs , for instance the kidneys , ovaries , and retroperitoneal structures , but is somewhat less common (Huang 2005 . On the contrary , the sporadic form involves the abdominal organs : distal ileum , cecum , and mesentery . The involvement of pelvic organs or facial bones is rare (Huang 2005

The majority of Burkitt Lymphomas carry a translation of the c-myc oncogene from chromosome eight to the immunoglobulin (lg ) heavy-chain region on chromosome fourteen (t 8 14 )or a light-chain loci chromosome two (t 8 2 )or chromosome twenty-two (t 8 22 (Huang 2005

Within the African form of Burkitt Lymphoma , The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV ) has been implicated strongly and the relationship in the sporadic form is less clear (Huang 2005 . Epstein-Barr virus is associated in approximately twenty percent of sporadic cases . The rare cases in adult are usually associated with immunodeficiency , predominantly AIDS respectively (Huang 2005 . Some have reasoned , the host is unable to generate adequate T-lymphocyte response or Epstein-Barr specific cytoxic T-cells (Huang 2005 . This subsequently results in excessive B cell proliferation . The lymphocytes have receptors especially for the Epstein-Barr virus and are the specific targets (Huang 2005 . In the African form , the hosts are believed to be unable to increase a suitable immune response to primary Epstein-Barr infection . This is possible due to coexistent malaria or other infections that are immunosuppressive also (Huang 2005

Burkitt Lymphoma is an extremely rare cancer in the United States , with only 100 new cases each year . However , Burkitt Lymphoma is endemic in many regions of equatorial Africa and other tropical regions between latitudes 10 ? south and 10 ? north . The frequency of this cancer in these endemic regions is 100 per million children (Huang 2005 . The male-to-female ratio is 2-3 :1 , and the most common a in children is seven years of age is the mean in African , eleven years of age is the current mean outside of Africa (Huang 2005 Prior to aggressive therapeutic treatment program , children with Burkitt Lymphoma died rapidly . However , with a combination of chemotherapy and...