Why was Scotland between 1720 ans 1790 more intellectually dynamic than England during the same period?

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A Vision of Intellectual Advancement

During the 18th century , Europe had been devoted to agriculture and at the same time desolated by religious wars which led to political instability of its various states . Eighteenth century was called the age of enlightenment since it involves culmination and a new foundation . The age of Enlightenment , which was an intellectual movement widely spread throughout Europe , sought to create self-evident philosophy as a foundation of knowledge . The movement particularly advocated reasoning as

a means of establishing an authoritative system of aesthetics ethics , government and logic which would allow humankind to understand the natural world . The age of Enlightenment provided a vision of a modern cultural by extricating clerical establishment from intellectual life

Enlightenment involved two theories such as divine right and natural law . Divine right would lead to supreme ideas whereas natural law would lead to principles of liberty . However , according to Jacques-Benigne Bossuet with regard to the divine right , that the universe was created by the creator -God and his representatives had the same powers Meanwhile , based on the theory of natural law , God did not rule the earth , he only enacted on earth through the existence of natural laws It only implied that without the existence of the natural laws , God will not exist on earth

In the 1700s , clerical issues remained in Great Britain . Most of the religious body remained the Church of England (the Anglicans ) which was the conservative political party . They became dominant on the rural England . Other religious bodies such as Presbyterians Congregationalists , Baptists and Quakers were called Dissenters . During early 1700s , the Anglicans tried to reunite the state and the Church of England . The Anglicans believed that religious disunity was an insult to God which threatened the deliverance of their people . The conservatives also believed that crimes were just result of religious disunity Moreover , the Anglicans had most of the rights in the society . Marriages performed by Anglicans were the only ones honored and considered legal Dissenters were also deprived of burial in churchyard

In England , both defiance of the tradition and the search for knowledge to control nature , were not so definitely evident due to the nationality and the social situation in England . English deism was more insidious during the age of Enlightenment . Its focus was on impersonal deity religious conviction and humankind 's morality

British viewed Enlightenment as a useful power to control nature . Their views on Enlightenment were much more likely of that in France . British and French views of Enlightenment were exchange through various channels . However , there was also some disparity between the two . In French Enlightenment , the intellectuals were reformists and were concerned on the perfectibility of the society . Meanwhile , the British Enlightenment was more respectful on the past while looking forward for the perfectibility of the people . Moreover , in Enlightenment , British intellectuals were very respectful on religion that they depended on it in improving the lives of people...