WTO and Developing countries - West Africa , Opportunity and threats

TABLE OF INDEXCONTENTS

HEADING PAGE NO

List of Abbreviations 3

I . Executive Summary 46

II . Introduction 78

1 .0 Chapter One : Economic Background 102

2 .0 Chapter Two : Research Methodology 145

2 .1 Rationale For The Study 16

2 .2 Research ObjeTctives 202

2 .3 Limitations 202

3 .0 Chapter Three : Literature Review 234

3 .1 The World Trade Organization (WTO ) 234

3 .1 .1 Background Of The WTO 234

3 .1 .2 The Objectives Of The WTO 235

3 .1 .3 WTO Agreements And Activities

256

3 .1 .3 .1 WTO Accession Negotiations 257

3 .1 .3 .2 Trade In Goods 279

3 .1 .3 .3 Trade In Services 2931

3 .1 .3 .4 Trade Related Aspects In Intellectual Property Rights 301

3 .1 .3 .5 The WTO And Foreign Direct Investments 313

3 .1 .3 .5 .1 Trade Flows And Foreign Direct Investment 33

3 .1 .3 .5 .2 Multinational Companies And Foreign Direct Investment 35

3 .1 .3 .5 .3 Foreign Direct Investment And Development 35

3 .1 .3 .5 .4 FDI : Merger Acquisition And Privatizations 37

3 .1 .3 .5 .5 FDI And Fire-Sale : The Crisis Of East Asia 38

3 .1 .3 .5 .6 Development Through FDI : A Reality Or Just A Mirage ? 40

3 .1 .3 .5 .7 FDI And The Environment 44

3 .1 .3 .6 Trade Related Investment Measures (Trims ) 4850

3 .2 The WTO As An Organization And Political Entity 524

3 .3 The Dispute Settlement Mechanism 524

3 .4 The WTO And Developing Countries 579

3 .5 Conclusion 614

4 .0 Chapter Four : Findings 636

4 .1 THE Preconditions OFor West Africa Entering The WTO 647

4 .2 Thehe Marginalization Of The West African Economy And In The World Economy 658

4 .3 Possible Advantages And Disadvantages For West Africa Entering The WTO 6670

4 .3 .1 The GenerEal Impact On West African Trade And Investment 7168

4 .3 .2 Effects Of The WTO Entrance On West Africa 726

4 .3 .3 West Africa 's Accession To The WTO 737

4 .3 .4 Challenges Arising From West Africa 's Accession To The WTO 737

4 .3 .5 Opportunities Arising From West Africa 's Accession To The WTO 748

Chapter Five : Conclusions 8076

Chapter Six : Recommendations 7882

BibiliographyBibliography 8591

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AB Appellate Body AfDB

African Development Bank

ACP African Caribbean Pacific members of the Cotonou Agreement

AGOA Africa Growth and Opportunities Act

DSB Dispute Settlement Body DSU Dispute Settlement Understanding DSM Dispute Settlement Mechanism EBA Everything But Arms Initiative

EU European Union GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades GMO 's Genetically modified seeds and plants HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Countries IMF International Monetary Fund LDC 's Least developed countries SAP Structural Adjustment Programs NAFTA The North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement PSU

Public Sector Units WTO World Trade Organization

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The term `gGlobalization ' refers to the mergingers of national economies into a single worldwide system . Globalization has opened the markets competition and the free flow of goods , services...