Utopian Literature

Running head : BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY

Behavioral Psychology

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Behavioral psychology is concerned with the study and modification of observable behavior that is carried out by means of systematic population and environmental factors . Behavior therapy is used to treat some psychological problems like depression , anxiety diss and phobias (Halevy , 2004 . There are some roots that states that psychological matters can be studied scientifically . This is done by just observing some behaviors without internal mental state discussions Internal states have been accepted as part of casual chain of behaviors

In relation to utopian literature , the mental discussion of the society is considered ideally perfect society with philosophical kings (Plato 370B .C

In the history of the behavior was pioneered by B .F skinner , O . Lindsley and Harry C . Solomon . Joseph Wolpe and Hans Eysenck are other pioneers All these had their own ways of viewing behavior problems that was different from the perspective of the directions of utopian literature Eysenck viewed it as interplay between personality characteristics , the environment and the behavior . Skinner on the other hand took it as an operant conditioning focus . This created a functional approach to assessment and interventions which were focused on the contingency management . They are things like token , economy and behavioral activation . Thomas Moore argues in the 16th century during the era of protestant reformation , the time during which all things seemed possible that the ruling class should be equipped with education to lead the rest and no one should claim ownership to property to solve the problem of unequal distribution of resources of the time . This is the period which the ruling class often referred to as the intelligentsia uses the severe penal code to punish the law breakers and more particularly this group had abundant resources participated less in productive labor and were appropriated enough land for sheep grazing The classical conditioning was first developed by Ivan Pavlov where operant conditioning was developed by B .F . Skinner . For example in 1890 Pavlov carried an observation of dogs salivating when being fed . He noticed that dogs begin to salivate when the person who feeds them appears . All animals become excited when they hear the sounds that indicate that they almost being fed . Pavlov took a careful observation and measured a part of the process . He coupled the tone and the sound in feeding his dogs in that the tone came several times before and during feeding the dogs . He realized that the dogs salivated to the tone . From this he learnt that tone goes along with food and with saliva response This clearly shows that in classical conditioning a neutral stimulus gets associated with an involuntary response . This principle is seen in the United States of America in the proposition of the perfect utopia created in the 19th century , where people were manipulated to form such utopian communities by the promise of the perfect place

Skinner then came up with operant conditioning which indicates that this kind of learning is not the result...