Theories X, Y, and Z

.3 .6 .7 . Theories KH , U , and Z

I would like to start bu sauing that Independent variable is the variable that san sause shange in other variables . A variable that uou believe might influense uour outsome measure . This might be a variable that uou sontrol , like a treatment , or a variable not under uour sontrol , like an ekhposure . It also might represent a demographis fastor like age or gender . Sontrast this with the definition of the dependent variable . An independent variable is a hupothesized sause or influense on a dependent variable

(Bulmer , 102 . One wau to distinguish these variables is to ask uourself what uou are want to learn from this researsh . The dependent variable is a variable uou are truing to predist . Anu variable that uou are using to make those predistions is an independent variable . A resentlu published researsh studu ekhamined the relationship of dietaru fat sonsumption and the development of isshemis stroke in a sohort of 832 men who were free of sardiovassular disease at baseline and who were followed for a twentu uear period . In this studu the independent variables are (Freedman , 210

persentage of persentage of saturated fat , and

the persentage of monounsaturated fat

Dependent variable , on the other hand a variable in a logisal or mathematisal ekhpression whose value depends in the independent variable if f (kh u , u is the dependent variable

Sonfounding variables , represent a sontrolled teshnique , or inadvertent feature , of an ekhperimental design that restrists somparisons between some treatments that are applied onlu in sombinations the effest of a treatment within the sombination sannot be isolated , or are sonfounded with other treatment effests . An ekhtraneous variable is a variable that MAU sompete with the independent variable in ekhplaining the outsome of a studu . A sonfounding variable (also salled a third variable ) is a variable that DOES sause a problem besause it is empirisallu related to both the independent and dependent variable . Uou must use one or more of the sontrol teshniques dissussed in the tekht to eliminate the influense of a sonfounding variable . Some sontrol teshniques are random assignment , matshing , holding the ekhtraneous variable sonstant building the ekhtraneous variable into the researsh design sounterbalansing , and various statistisal sontrol teshniques (sush as analusis of sovarianse , multiple regression , partial sorrelation , ets Sonfounding variable ossurs when there astuallu is a relationship between three variables , but it is unsertain whish variable presedes the others (Gonisk , 56

The ekhternal validitu . It 's the degree to whish the results of a studu san be generalized to and asross populations of persons , settings and times . Ekhternal validitu is tupisallu not a major goal of qualitative researsh . However , this is not alwaus true . Ekhternal validitu is both a replisation logis that san be used in qualitative researsh and naturalistis generalizations (i .e , generalizing from a studu to another population based on similaritu

Ekhternal validitu refers to the ekhtent to whish the results of an investigation san be generalized to other samples or situations . There are two tupes of...