Summary of `Richard II` by Shakespeare and Summary of `The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philisophy` - a fragment, by Isaac Newton

A Summary of Newton 's The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

According to Isaac Newton , the causes for Natural forces to act the way they do are unknown but mathematical principles allow for a geometrical and thus , mathematical presentation . This is the essence of Newton 's groundbreaking work , The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

In this three-volume work , Newton presents his 3 Laws of Motion , the Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy , and an attachment essay in the second edition , the General Scholium . The 3 laws of motion are three physical laws which

deal with motion and forces acting on bodies . The first law states that all objects remain at rest or continue moving unless an external force is applied to change its state . The second law states that the force exerted upon a moving object is proportion to the change of momentum in the object and the direction . Finally , the third law of motion states that to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction

The Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy , meanwhile , are principles of inductive reasoning by which Newton was able to formulate his gravitational law . According to the rules , only true and sufficient causes of natural things should be accepted the same causes should be assigned to the same effects the qualities of bodies that cannot be increased or diminished should be assigned as the universal quality of all bodies whatsoever and propositions inferred from phenomena should be accepted as accurate or nearly true until a contrary hypothesis is found to challenge the old one

Finally , the General Scholium summarizes the laws that Newton have formulated and been discussing in relation to the positions and movements of the planets . He also affirms his faith that ultimately Nature has been designed by a Being that governs all things . Thus , the ultimate causes of natural phenomena like gravity or force can never be answered . The scientist can only explain the phenomena

A Summary of William Shakespeare 's Richard II

Richard II is based on the life of Richard II , King of England during the late 14th century . The first act begins with an argument between Henry Bolingbroke , Duke of Hereford , and Thomas Mowbry , 1st Duke of Norfolk . Bolingbroke is accusing Mowbry of having killed the Duke of Gloucester and stolen his money . Richard and his uncle , John Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster and Bolingbroke 's father , tries to convince them to settle but to no avail . Mowbry , too , is in a bind as he cannot confess the truth that it was Richard himself who ed him to kill the Duke

Richard II agrees to a duel between them . Before the joust could even start , however , Richard declares the two banished from the kingdom - Bolingbroke for five years and Mowbray forever . In despair of his son 's leaving , John of Gaunt dies and Richard II seizes all of his fortune Some members of the nobility criticize Richard for taking Bolingbroke 's inheritance . They gather support for Bolingbroke to assemble an...