Social Science Research

Questions

1 . What is the complete and correct citation for the article using APA style

Giordano ,

.C , Cernkovich , S .A Holland , D .D (2003 . Changes in friendship relations over the life course : Implications for desistance from crime . Criminology , 41 (2 , 293-327

2 . How and when were the data collected in this study

The data were collected in two periods (T1 and T2 , one was in 1982 (T1 wherein the respondents were interviewed while they were still adolescent and the other was in 1995 (T2 ) when the respondents were already

adults . In T1 , sample respondents were taken from both male and female adolescent offenders , a Female adolescent respondents were taken from the only state-level institution for delinquent girls in Ohio while the male correspondents were taken from populations of three institutions for males . In 1995 thirteen years later , only 85 of the same respondents were located for an interview in 25 different prison settings (The final sample in T2 was composed of 48 white and 37 African America . Mean age of women were higher than men (29 .63 versus 28 .93 while most women were African-American (37 .5 versus 28 . History narratives were taken in T2 from 180 respondents (97 women and 83 men through a tape-recorded interview . The interview , which began with open-ended questions ( with many questions focused on significant others , e .g . spouse , family origin , children , etc , as it was designed from the outset that it must reflect a strong social network emphasis ) contains information relating to childhood , adolescent and adult experiences of the respondents . To check the accuracy of the data in the narratives as well as the self-reported criminal involvement inventory it was supplemented with arrest information from all jurisdictions in which respondents were known to have resided and with incarceration records from the Ohio State Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (Giordano et al , 2003

3 . This study introduces the variable gender ' into the research on desistence , or why people stop criminal offending . Why is this important according to the authors ? The variable gender ' was introduced into the research because according to the authors , most studies on males on delinquency are also related to the females , for example with regards to peer effects . This resulted to exclusion , therefore , of many contemporary studies in gender interactions or to explore the idea of differential pathways . Feminists ' perspectives , however , had elucidated that causal processes of delinquency is gendered (for example , the delinquency in women in some cases are caused by the abuse of men in their lives aside from peer pressure . Moreover , the authors would like to verify whether women , as well as men experience certain changes in friendship as they have matured into adulthood or whether network processes are in key respects uniquely gendered (Giordano et . al 2003

4 . Does this study use inductive or deductive logic ? Explain

This study uses deductive logic as it starts with the re-examination of other studies that have dealt with similar phenomena , in this case desistance of criminal activity in adulthood . This...