“Programming is the external manifestation of internal policy.” Evaluate this statement, using practical examples from at least three arts organisations to support your argument, as well as academic theory

Arts Policies Programming : Korea and the UK

We live and work in an age when people need to be well informed and familiar with all kinds of policies and the politics surrounding the creation and implementation of these policies . In the field of art , arts policies have emerged in this contingent and volatile environment as a potentially stabilising mechanism , one which can be used to manufacture and maintain a national community , and to secure images of national identity

These policies makes it valuable to governments because , although under modern democracy governments

are more concerned with the management of national capital than with the overt institution of regimes of truth the constitution of the national community remains one of its central tasks . And in an environment where governments are increasingly coming under pressure to justify their governance , art 's meaning-making and representational functions could assist people in the arts management arena to clarify just who they are governing and who can assist in the articulation of principles of legitimation , and who could provide techniques which determine which myths of the social will be authorised as valid representations of their arts organisations (Webb , 1999 ,

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What is Policy

Despite the increasing importance of using the policy process to change and improve education , the field of policy analysis and policymaking is rather new and ill-defined . In fact , the very definition of policy in general , and arts policy in particular , is complex and confusing . Is a policy a law , a regulation , or a rule that governs the arts organisations ' processes ? Can inaction constitute a policy ? Or is policy far broader and more contextual , even cultural ? To what degree is it the whole environment that makes these arts organisations function the way they do

As a review of definitions of policy , it revealed just how disparate the field has become . This reflects the fact that studies of policy and policymaking come from a number of disciplines , including political science , public administration , sociology , history , education , and anthropology . As a result , discussion of policy across (and even within disciplines often degenerates into a babel of tongues in which participants talk past rather than to one another (Bobrow Dryzek 1987 ,

. 4 . Defining policy is a bit like trying to define obscenity - you know it when you see it , but it varies from place to place . Harman (1984 ) views policy as courses of purposive action . directed towards the accomplishment of some intended or desired set of goals (p . 13 . Dye (1992 ) defines (public ) policy as whatever governments choose to do or not to do (p . 2 , suggesting that government inaction constitutes policy . Agreeing with Dye , Cibulka (1995 ) includes both official enactments of government and something as informal as `practices ' Also , policy may be viewed as the inactions of government (p . 106 . Public policies are those decisions or actions taken by government to meet perceived social problems (Dror , 1971 ,

. 49 Thus , policy involves a set of goals and choices , setting in motion a set of actions...