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essay #1195
| Type of paper: | Essay |
| Subject area: | Ethnic and Area Studies |
| Academic level: | College |
| Style: | MLA |
| Size: | 37.5 kB |
| Word count: |
1978 words/8 pages
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| Mark awarded: | |
| Author: | Rosella Singh |
| Date submitted: | 2008-11-19 11:27:46 |
| Rating/Votes count: |
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| Tags: | business, person, philosophy, manager, emotions, moral, analysis, philosophical, cry |
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The dispute whether the morality is in the eye of beholder or whether it is a matter-of-fact phenomenon has been held for decades and the ultimate solution has never been given . The problem is there are significant arguments in favour of both subjective and objective theory . In the current paper I chose to prove that moral judgements are subjective by using the theory of moral emotion proposed by Professor Edward Westermarck . I 'm also going to see how he refutes the counterarguments offered by some of his opponents . Before going any further , it is important to clear up what I take to mean to be ``objective ' and ``subjective ' to avoid ambiguity of the terms , which in itself has caused a long contention within the circle of meta-ethics philosophers . If we take the words ``objective ' and ``subjective ' in terms of their origin , we will see that they are different in their focus - the former has emphasis on the object , whereas the latter concentrates on the subject . In other words , they point out to where the properties of all phenomena should be looked for . In the first case the object is equal to itself , its properties being intrinsic and irrelevant of the perceiver . In the second case , however , the properties for the given object lie beyond the object itself , it is the subject who generates the object 's properties by the mere fact of having a certain attitude towards it . However , one should be cautious not to substitute subjectivism for moral nihilism . Being subjective does not mean that it is impossible to tell right from wrong . Subjectivists do accept that moral judgements can be both right and wrong . The difference between subjective and objective lies in the fact that the former presupposes that value is something which was once ascribed to the object or action , whereas the latter assumes that being right or wrong belongs to the realm of inherent qualities . These are the meanings of subjective and objective I 'm going to refer to in the current paper . Speaking of Professor Westermarck 's theory , it is necessary to examine how he substantiates his claim that all moral concepts , which are used as predicates in moral judgments , are ultimately based on emotions . To make his point , he offers a certain classification of emotions , which are basically fall into two classes - moral and non-moral . In their turn , depending on the value , moral emotions are classified into moral approval and moral disapproval ones . ``They may thus , on the one hand , be regarded as two distinct divisions of the moral emotions , whilst , on the other hand , moral disapproval , like anger and revenge , forms a subspecies of resentment , and approval , like gratitude , forms a subspecies of retributive kindly emotion (Westermarck , 1963 ) The philosopher claims that such division comes from the animal world , being necessary for the species survival , humans inclusive . Both of these emotions are useful to the species : by resentment evils are averted , by retributive kindliness benefits are secured . What is the difference then between... |
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