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essay #1195

 

Topic:  Philosophy


 
 
Type of paper: Essay
Subject area: Ethnic and Area Studies
Academic level: College
Style: MLA
Size: 37.5 kB
Word count:
1978 words/8 pages
Mark awarded:  
Author: Rosella Singh
Date submitted: 2008-11-19 11:27:46
Rating/Votes count:
5.00 / 4
 
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Tags: business, person, philosophy, manager, emotions, moral, analysis, philosophical, cry
The dispute whether the morality is in the eye of beholder or whether it
is a matter-of-fact phenomenon has been held for decades and the
ultimate solution has never been given . The problem is there are
significant arguments in favour of both subjective and objective theory .
In the current paper I chose to prove that moral judgements are
subjective by using the theory of moral emotion proposed by Professor
Edward Westermarck . I 'm also going to see how he refutes the
counterarguments offered by some of his opponents .
Before going any further , it is important to clear up what I take to
mean to be ``objective ' and ``subjective ' to avoid ambiguity of the
terms , which in itself has caused a long contention within the circle of
meta-ethics philosophers . If we take the words ``objective ' and
``subjective ' in terms of their origin , we will see that they are
different in their focus - the former has emphasis on the object ,
whereas the latter concentrates on the subject . In other words , they
point out to where the properties of all phenomena should be looked for .
In the first case the object is equal to itself , its properties being
intrinsic and irrelevant of the perceiver . In the second case , however ,
the properties for the given object lie beyond the object itself , it is
the subject who generates the object 's properties by the mere fact of
having a certain attitude towards it . However , one should be cautious
not to substitute subjectivism for moral nihilism . Being subjective does
not mean that it is impossible to tell right from wrong . Subjectivists
do accept that moral judgements can be both right and wrong . The
difference between subjective and objective lies in the fact that the
former presupposes that value is something which was once ascribed to
the object or action , whereas the latter assumes that being right or
wrong belongs to the realm of inherent qualities . These are the meanings
of subjective and objective I 'm going to refer to in the current paper .
Speaking of Professor Westermarck 's theory , it is necessary to examine
how he substantiates his claim that all moral concepts , which are used
as predicates in moral judgments , are ultimately based on emotions . To
make his point , he offers a certain classification of emotions , which
are basically fall into two classes - moral and non-moral . In their
turn , depending on the value , moral emotions are classified into moral
approval and moral disapproval ones . ``They may thus , on the one hand ,
be regarded as two distinct divisions of the moral emotions , whilst , on
the other hand , moral disapproval , like anger and revenge , forms a
subspecies of resentment , and approval , like gratitude , forms a
subspecies of retributive kindly emotion (Westermarck , 1963 ) The
philosopher claims that such division comes from the animal world , being
necessary for the species survival , humans inclusive . Both of these
emotions are useful to the species : by resentment evils are averted , by
retributive kindliness benefits are secured .
What is the difference then between...

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