Language Learning for Specific Purposes

I . Introduction

The society we are now living in is not the same society our forefathers lived in 50 or 10 years ago . There is evidently an increasing complexity and diversity . Because of this , people try their best to enhance all the fields possible to help them survive . This includes improving their communication skills . One way in which they can adopt is to study specialized language . This is more commonly known as English for Specific Purposes . The key to English for Specific Purposes is to learn a language fit for a specific

profession . The role now of language learning for specific purposes proves to be a lot of help for both students and professionals . ESP (English for Specific Purposes programs focus on developing communicative competence in a specific field , such as aviation , business or technology (Hortas , n .d

The most important thing that is taught in ESP is a certain level of mastery of a language . That is , the language that is relevant to one 's profession . In a way , people are now connected through the study of ESP Because of this , groups are developed and members are created . In most cases , what is at stake is power , status , and fame in the society

II . Definition of English for Specific Purposes

The development of ESP is clearly shown in the increase of colleges and universities offering an MA in ESP . Examples are The University of Birmingham , and Aston University in the UK as well as in the ESP courses offered to students from both English and Non-English speaking countries (Anthony . While the number of courses is increasing , journals , articles and forums for ESP are also on the rise Together with this is the collaboration of different people to organize conferences and symposiums about learning and teaching ESP . It is not enough to simply give these s . A thorough discussion is needed to explain the true meaning and relevance of ESP in today 's society

Dudley-Evans (1997 ) gaved the definition of ESP by giving its absolute ' and variable ' characteristics . The definition , as given by Dudley-Evans , is listed below

Absolute Characteristics

1 . ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners

2 . ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves

3 . ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar , lexis , register , study skills , discourse and genre

Variable Characteristics

1 . ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines

2 . ESP may use , in specific teaching situations , a different methodology from that of General English

3 . ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners , either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation . It could however , be for learners at secondary school level

4 . ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students

5 . Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems

In essence , ESP is made available to meet specific needs of different learners that may be related to particular disciplines . Some of the more common disciplines or fields that ESP cover are medicine , law engineering , business , accounting , and information technology . However ESP is not limited to these fields because as mentioned above ESP may ' be related to or designed for specific disciplines and not must . It is safe to assume that it is actually optional . English for Specific Purposes is not similar to English as a Second Language . To further give a distinction between the two , Carter (1983 ) identifies three types of ESP

? English as a restricted language

? English for Academic and Occupational Purposes

? English with specific s

A definition of English as a restricted language was given by Mackay and Mountford (1978 . According to them , the language of international air-traffic control could be regarded as 'special , in the sense that the repertoire required by the controller is strictly limited and can be accurately determined situationally , as might be the linguistic needs of a dining-room waiter or air-hostess . However , such restricted repertoires are not languages , just as a tourist phrase book is not grammar . Knowing a restricted 'language ' would not allow the speaker to communicate effectively in novel situation , or in contexts outside the vocational environment (pp . 4-5

Next , the most popular is English for Academic and Occupational Purposes . This type of ESP can be further broken down into three branches

English for Science and Technology

English for Business and Economics

English for Social Studies

The next type mentioned by Mackay and Carter is English for specific s . This type looks closer on the future s that may be covered by ESP

III . A Brief History and the Different Approches

In view of the foregoing premises , it is important to take a closer look at the history of ESP , as well as the different approaches to this theory . According to Dudley (2000 , a much more promising approach to a theory of ESP comes from the analysis of ESP texts . It means that ESP activities or learning must be linked to a view of a text . He added that ESP has in its brief history adopted various approaches to text analysis , from the early register analysis associated with the identification of key grammatical elements of scientific communication (Barber , 1962 Swales , 1971 ) to rhetorical analysis associated with Trimble (1985 ) and Lackstrom , Selinker , and Trimble (1972 ) through the functional /notional approach associated with the textbooks The Nucleus Series (Bates and Dudley-Evans , 1976 ) and The Focus Series (Allen and Widdowson , 1974 through to the dominant approach of today , genre analysis (Swales , 1990 Bhatia , 1993

The importance of this approach lies in the fact that text analysis can show the distinct and particular characteristics of one text from another . It reveals how the uniqueness of the texts used in different environments . One major factor that is being looked up in text analysis is one 's grammatical features . A very good example would be the register of language used in recipes . As simple as it may seem , the grammatical features of the language used in recipes makes it distinct from other languages . Probably , the first vital observation would be that sentences used in recipes are always imperative . Sentences are in the form of a command . They start with verbs like get , put , mix , cut , or blend . Most people may fail to notice this or simply don 't have the time to see this . It may be a realization for most people that simple disciplines such as this one , can show how one is different from the other

If text analysis looks at the grammatical structure of the language genre analysis looks at why members of specific group or communities use a certain language the way they do . Bathia defines genre analysis as the study of situated linguistic behavior in institutionalized academic or professional settings . He asserts that there are four distinct areas of competence that an ESP learner need

First , the learner must have sufficient knowledge of the code . Code refers to the language used for specific purposes . Undoubtedly , it is necessary for anyone who wants to learn ESP to have enough knowledge of the language he or she wishes to use

Second , the acquisition of genre knowledge . This simply means that to be able to participate in a specialist communicative event , one must acquaint oneself not only with the communicative goals of a particular discourse community , but also with the communicative goal-oriented purposes associated with specific use of genres . Fairclough (1992 defines genre not only as a particular text type , but also a particular processes of producing , distributing and consuming texts

Next , is the sensitivity to cognitive structures . As language is ever changing , the use of language for specific purposes also changes from time to time . Codes are used depending on the situation and purpose it is used . Being sensitive to cognitive structures simple stated is the knowledge , not only of the code , but of how and when to use it properly

Lastly , exploitation of generic knowledge . This is as important as the first three elements because it focuses on one 's ability to have a certain level of expertise in the code he or she using , enough to use it with confidence and liberty

IV . Disciplines and Fields

English in one 's workplace can define success or failure . That is the main reason why time is devoted to learn a special language . Doctors will say hemorrhage ' to mean loss of blood or a lot of bleeding in a short time (St . Jude Children 's Research Hospital . Lawyers will tell you that England and Wales developed case law ' which refers to the entire collection of published legal decisions of the courts (Ng . It is also common to hear computer engineers asking you what kind of bug entered your computer when they want to say that your computer has a virus . Even the word virus ' has several meanings when used in different fields (in information technology or internet usage and medicine or science

This only shows that doctors use a language that is different form the ones used by lawyers or engineers . In the same way , the language used by businessmen is different from the language used by ordinary people These are examples of learning English for specific Purposes . As mentioned earlier , its aim is to establish a link between certain individuals with the same interests and profession

These are only some of the more common language that professionals use This language is almost synonymous to the word jargon . Jargon is the technical terminology or characteristic vocabulary of a special activity or group (SIL International , 1996 . Jargons are used by a particular group of people to which they special meanings . As mentioned earlier , a wide range of professions require the use of jargons . The rest of this aims to show the importance and problems faced by learning languages for specific purposes as depicted and seen in different fields of work

Each and everyone of us have been to the hospital even once in our lifetime . It is not a secret that doctors use highfaluting words to describe what is wrong with us . Most of the time , patients need to ask What does it mean Doc , to actually decipher what they are saying This seems to be unwanted and unintentional on the part of medical practitioners . However , TIME Magazine wrote that (1976 , the medieval physician Arnold of Villanova urged colleagues to seek refuge behind impressive-sounding language when they could not explain a patient 's ailment "Say that he has an obstruction of the liver " Arnold wrote "and particularly use the word obstruction because [patients] do not understand what it means " These situations still exist up to the present time . In fact , people often complain that they hardly understand what their doctors are saying . A common expression among patients is I can hear you but I cannot understand you ' This seems to be an ongoing problem and could pose negative effects in a doctor-patient relationship in the long run

For instance , cancer patients in United Kingdom are now being open about this difficulty of dealing with talking with their doctors Researchers at the University of Sussex found terms commonly used by doctors such as 'progressing tumour ' and 'remission , as well as those used to describe screening procedures for breast and bowel cancer , were poorly understood by the public (University of Sussex , 2003 . In addition to this finding "It 's crucial that doctors avoid ambiguous language or medical jargon in consultations " says Professor Lesley Fallowfield , from the Cancer Research UK Psychosocial Oncology Group at the University of Sussex (Ibid It is safe to assume that it is not any doctor 's intention to cause confusion to any of his or her patients . However , in reality , it does bring about confusion . English for specific purpose in this situation seems to cause poor communication and defeats its very vital purpose of bridging the gap between people . Molina HealthCare and California Academy of Family Physicians wrote (2004 , in an article entitled Medical Jargon and Clear Communication , gave five barriers that take place during doctor-patient conversations

1 . The anxiety and intimidation associated with the medical interaction between a highly trained medical professional and an unsophisticated patient

2 . Patient stress associated with seeking health care services

3 . Preconceived patient notions that make them less likely to listen to and understand

important health care messages from their doctors

4 . Cultural and linguistic differences between physicians and patients created by an

increasingly diverse patient population

5 . Physician time constraints that often result in brief patient interactions and cross-

cultural misunderstandings

In essence , doctors ' language is highly sophisticated and technical that it rarely matches the sophistication of their patients . Nevertheless nobody is to blame for this kind of situation . Doctors spend considerable number of years to learn this language for their specific and special need . Even practitioners who have worked with low literacy patients for years are often surprised at the poor reading skills of some of their most poised and articulate patients (Ibid

As mentioned in the discussion earlier , ESP 's aim is to , infact , master a certain code needed for one 's profession . Therefore , doctors have the right to use this ESP . However , consideration must be given to patients who are at a disadvantage in this circumstance . After all , it is assumed that they are the reasons why doctors studied this ESP in the first place

It is overwhelming , however , to find out that there exist a new breast cancer dictionary . The new dictionary is one step towards bridging the gap of patients and medical terminology . The idea was to create a resource that converted medical jargon into every day speech (medical news . One other reason why medical jargon can be so hard to decipher is that doctors make liberal use of acronyms (medical care . Below is a list of the most commonly used medical abbreviations and terms according to Shiel and Marks (2005

1 . a .c . - Before meals . As in taking medicines before meals

2 . b .i .d . - Twice daily . As in taking a medicine twice daily

3 . BP - blood pressure

4 . cap - capsule

5 . DNR - Do not HYPERLINK "http /www .medicinenet .com /script /main /art .asp ?articlekey 21781 resuscitate . This is a specific not to revive a patient artificially if they HYPERLINK "http /www .medicinenet .com /script /main /art .asp ?articlekey 19895 succumb to illness . If a patient is given a DNR , they are not resuscitated if they are near death and no code blue is called

6 . FX - fracture

7 . h .s . - At bedtime . As in taking a medicine at bedtime

8 . in vivo - In the body

9 . LBP - HYPERLINK "http /www .medicinenet .com /script /main /art .asp ?articlekey 289 " Low back pain . LBP is one of most common medical complaints

10 . SOB - Shortness of breath

It is rather interesting how these seemingly simple words can turn into complicated terms that leave patients clueless in most situations . It pays to be informed about these terminologies . But in cases where confusion and anxiety arises , it is always safe to ask for doctor 's clarification . Even doctors themselves admit to the fact that the English they are using for specific purposes can cause misunderstanding among them and their patients . Just to be sure , always ask when in a state of confusion . Words are scalpels , every bit as sharp as a surgeon 's tools , and sometimes , almost as dangerous (Foreman , 2004

After starting in the field of medicine , the next discipline that this wishes to discuss is about business and accounting English . It is a fact that the globalization and industrialization of business has increased and is continuously growing . The more important aspect of this is that English is their medium . Whether it is small meetings or big conferences , English is the language used . The globalization of world business , technology and trade has brought about a huge increase in the demand for all types of ESP (English for Specific Purposes ) teaching (Mcgee , 1999

One particular area of business English is oral presentation skills McGee (1999 ) gave three reasons why oral presentation skills are of much importance : Firstly , it is a forum where communication is of crucial importance- they must get their ideas across accurately . Secondly , it may be a uniquely stressful language situation - it is usually time bound and the time limits are quite short . This may give rise to high levels of language anxiety . Lastly , it may be an extremely socially stressful situation , for example , the performance of a manager during a presentation can have a major impact on his or her career

Undoubtedly , oral presentation skills can make or break a person 's career . Definitely , appearance counts . However , English skills count more . The goal is to get your message across in a special and unique manner . There are numerous situations and it is impossible to enumerate each one of them . Each of these situations would require an entirely different form of language patterns . It is important to remember that the same speaker uses different linguistic varieties in different situations and for different purposes (Turdgill . That is exactly the goal of learning ESP for business and accounting purposes

Because of the diversity of situations that can be faced by a person using ESP for business , it is important to have knowledge of cross-cultural context . It is not only a matter of knowing the language but how to use it as well . Simply stated , it is the appropriateness of the language used in a particular culture . It takes into consideration the following factors (Gusakowska , 1999

Scene --- participants ' expectations in terms of location and communication content (what information should be used and how

2 . Key --- participants ' expectations of the communication tone (formal / informal

3 . Participants --- their status relationship with each other

4 . Message Form --- whether it is speaking , writing , or other media

Manifestation --- deals with the way members of a particular group find out about a code of practice whether it is explicit - a company 's statute / regulation , or tacit - common knowledge , traditional behaviour

Gusakowska developed this method in trying to solve the possible problems in Polish - British communication process . She asserts that Polish 's way of communicating Business English can be ineffective due to its indirectness and abusiveness . It can defeat the purpose of teaching and learning ESP . What is shown here is that , the knowledge in the terminologies of a language is not enough . Knowing the right words to use is as important as how a person uses it in different situations In this case , it was between the Polish and the British

However , this can serve as a guide even to other nationalities because the context in which it was written is language as a means of communication . This means that it can apply to other cultures as well

The importance of language cannot be stressed more . Not only is it a means of communicating thoughts and ideas , but it forges friendships cultural ties , and economic relationships (Kilgour , 1999 . Imagine a Chinese businessman meeting up with a Turkish businessman . Most likely they will talk and discuss their agenda in English . It is a fact that English is the official language of numerous countries and organizations . Therefore , if one wants to be successful in the field of business and accounting , learning ESP is a must

Most international conferences are held in English . Many researchers in universities and companies attend international conferences to present the results of their research . Most presentations are in English . Their s are also published in international journals , which are also in English (Kitao , 2000 . Having the skills to present orally correctly is of the same importance as writing business letters or presentations

There are three basic kinds of letters : personal , social , and business All letters contain four elements : the date , a salutation , the body of the letter , and the signature . In more formal letters , particularly business correspondence , a number of other features are added to this basic structure (Brittanica , 2007 . Learning ESP for business and accounting includes the proper way to write business letters . The words are carefully chosen and the sentence structures are carefully written Not only the words but the format as well , is different from ordinary letters to show how special a business letter is . For example , most often use block , modified block , semi-block , or AMS simplified styles for formatting content , and the letter parts most often included are the heading , inside address , salutation , body , close , signature , and reference section (Laduc , 1996

If there is one profession that involves a lot of talking , nothing would beat being a lawyer . Talking is a lawyer 's bread and butter . As a lawyer , your ultimate goal is to persuade and convince people to take your side . Only language can help a lawyer make this possible . In a way lawyer 's language is distinct . In the same way the doctors ' and businessmen 's languages are . People would often agree that lawyers have a habit of using highfaluting words and extremely long sentences . This is not surprising because of the nature of their work . Their goal is try to elaborate and define further what seems to be common sense for ordinary people . However , this attention to words and details can bring a lot of problems

An example would be the case of Roger 's Communication . A grammatical blunder may force Rogers Communications Inc . to pay an extra 2 .13-million to use utility poles in the Maritimes after the placement of a comma in a contract permitted the deal 's cancellation . The controversial comma sent lawyers and telecommunications regulators scrambling for their English textbooks in a bitter 18 month dispute that serves as an expensive reminder of the importance of punctuation (Liberman , 2006 . Clearly , a certain degree of importance is given to the smallest details that may lead to ambiguous interpretations , whether in creating laws or writing a contract . In this case , it 's a comma . For laymen , a comma is not given that much importance that can actually cost someone 2 .13 million dollars . This is part of the learning of lawyers in relation to ESP . They are trained to be highly particular about these things , the smallest and littlest

It is because of situations like this that lawyers are now urged to use plain language . It can be assumed form the discussion earlier about doctors , that they are experiencing the same problems . Their highly specialized language is causing confusion when it should not really . In an article in Florida Bar Journal (1995 , some believe that plain English should be mandated . Others urge legal to voluntarily use plain language . They claim lawyers should use plain language and eliminate legalese simply because it makes sense that writing be readable and understandable , not because of legislative mandate

In addition to this , not only common people but lawyers , as well , are realizing the need for a simpler or plain language . There are times when lawyers cannot understand their colleagues as well . They may not admit it publicly but it is a fact that not all lawyers can fully understand everything written by lawyers like them . In the US , two organizations adopted a plain language resolution in 1992 (Bast 1995

1 . The way lawyers write has been a source of complaint about lawyers for more than four centuries

2 . The language used by lawyers should agree with the common speech unless there are reasons for a difference

3 . Legalese is unnecessary and no more precise than plain language

4 . Plain language is an important part of good legal writing

5 . Plain language means language that is clear and readily understandable to the intended readers

6 . To encourage the use of plain language , The Legal Writing Institute should try to identify members who would be willing to work with their bar associations to establish plain language committees like those in Michigan and Texas

In the U .K , there are no such movements yet . What seems to be the problem is the veracity of the words used by lawyers . Their main goal is to persuade and convince people . However , it will be difficult if these people cannot understand a thing that they are saying

It is interesting to note why lawyers continue to study ESP even if there are negative consequences such as the ones mentioned above . In most people 's opinion , lawyers intentionally use verbosity and obfuscation in their language . Long , unclear , and tortuously worded documents are where there is room for reasonable doubt , ambiguity and interpretation . The longer the legal professions are permitted the use of such documents , the longer they will be in court , arguing interpretations and finding loopholes . Their fees will grow accordingly (Lawyers and Language , 2007

In his book , Plain English for Lawyers , Richard C . Wydick suggests (Ibid

omit surplus words

use base words , not nominalizations

prefer the active voice

use short sentences

arrange words with care

use familiar concrete words

avoid language quirks

punctuate carefully

One can notice that all these tips are actually contrary to how lawyers learn ESP . In learning ESP , they are taught exactly the opposite . This is because they are supposed to learn specialized language . A language made and created for a certain group of people . It is actually what sets them apart from other groups . It is what makes them distinct . However it is also what separates them from a larger group , the laymen . Whether it will be a motivation to study even harder or a signal to slow down it Melinkoff also stated his seven rules (Bast

Rule 1 : The Language of the Law Is More Peculiar Than Precise . Don 't Confuse Peculiarity With Precision

Rule 2 : Don 't Ignore Even the Limited Possibilities of precision . The Price of Sloppy Writing is Misunderstanding and Creative Misinterpretation

Rule 3 : Follow the Rules of English Composition

Rule 4 : Usually You Have Choice of how to Say It . Choose Clarity

Rule 5 : Write Law Simply . Do not Puff , Mangle or Hide

Rule 6 : Before you Write , Plan

Rule 7 : Cut it in Half

Similar to the ones mentioned earlier , these tips are actually in contradiction with the aim and reason of people who are studying ESP . It states that lawyers should write as short as possible without compromising the clarity and precision of their works . It also tells lawyers to follow the rules of English composition . This is in relation to the length and verbosity of the sentences that lawyers tend to use Again , the decision lies on the people who use this English for a specific purpose

Learning ESP has its own advantages and disadvantages . For the people using it , the privilege to communicate with a limited number of people is definitely an advantage . On the other hand , for those who cannot and does not know the language , most of the time , they are left in confusion . It is a good thing to note that confusion in this discipline is not as dangerous as the confusion that can arise in medicine . The reason is obvious . What is at stake in confusion in the field of medicine is a person 's life . However , in information technology , no life is directly at stake

The last profession that will be discussed in this is related to information technology . It will more specifically deal with the language used in dealing with computers and internet . The internet became a phenomenon because of the advantages it brings the people who use it Before the internet became popular in the 1970 's , communication means was limited . However , since the entry of the internet in the society , a lot of new innovations for communication and technology also entered the picture

As this innovations continue , so is the development and creation of a specialized language used in this field . The terms are not all new but the meanings are . For instance , the mouse ' is not an animal anymore it is an important part of a computer . Also , a bug ' is not only an insect but a virus ' as well . Software refers to the programs installed in one 's computer while hardware means the physical components of a computer

Probably , the most popular term when talking about the internet is e-mail . E-mail is the shortened form of electronic mail . It has served as a landmark in sending letters throughout the world . The process itself was so efficient that the nickname of "snail mail " was given to the traditional postal system (Wikipedia , 2007

Another popular term that is automatic when talking about the internet is messenger . Before , a messenger is a person who delivers letters from one house to the other . However , internet gave it a new meaning Messengers let people send messages anywhere in the world in real time In to quickly produce a message to be read , typing had to improve shortcuts had to be found , and rules had to be lifted . It is the abbreviations , HYPERLINK "http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Internet_slang \o "Internet slang " internet slang , and loosened grammar rules that have affected languages so greatly (Ibid

More important than these terms are the terms that students wish to learn in studying ESP . These are terms used in programming . It is the focus of ESP in this field of work . This is line with the growth of information technology globally . The terms can be compared to the language used by other professional like doctors and lawyers . This is due to the fact that the language used in information technology is as complicated and technical . Some of the more commonly used terms are the following

HTML - Hyper Text Mark-Up Language

HTML is the reason why websites are created . It is designed to specify the logical organization of a document , with important hypertext extensions . Thus , for example , HTML allows you to mark selections of text as titles or paragraphs , and then leaves the interpretation of these marked elements up to the browser (Graham , 1998

IP Address - Internet Protocol Address

The IP address is one 's computer address . IP addresses or Internet Protocol addresses are the way in which computers on a network both communicate with each other and know where they all are in relation to one another (Kyrnin , 2007 . It can be compared to people 's homw address These address is where we receive our mail from other people , in the same way , that our computer receives information and mail form other computers

LAN - Local Area Network

A local area network (LAN ) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link (TechTarget . LAN basically connects your computer to the internet These days , wireless LAN is fast becoming popular . Because of wireless LAN , internet connection is possible even without using cable or telephone wires

V . Conclusion (Future of ESP

After giving a definition of ESP , a short history , and the approaches applicable to it , as well as some disciplines as examples , the discussion will now shift to the future that awaits ESP . That is , if there is actually a future for English for Specific Purposes

If the ESP community hopes to grow and flourish in the future , it is vital that the community as a whole understands what ESP actually represents (Anthony . A clear understanding of the goals of ESP is important for its success in the future . The members of this growing community should be able to help those new members who want to be a part their community . A big help would be to make the new ones understand the practices of ESP

The future looks perfectly bright for teaching and learning English for specific purposes . As mentioned earlier , development is reflected in the increasing number of universities offering an MA in ESP (e .g . The University of Birmingham , and Aston University in the UK ) and in the number of ESP courses offered to overseas students in English speaking countries (Anthony . Also , the increasing number of journals and articles written about ESP is a mark of the positive development of this field of language

In the end , people must appreciate the opportunities brought about by ESP . If you 're a student , then it is the opportunity to learn and add knowledge to their minds . That is , in whatever field they want . And for professionals , it is the chance to teach and learn ESP at the same time It 's all a matter of will . Remember , take what ESP has to offer because a great deal of opportunities await you

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The Effect of the Internet on Language and Communication (2007 Retrieved August 17 , 2007 , from http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /The_Effect_of_the_Internet_on_Language_and_ Communication ...