LIT REVIEW

Running Head : `MODELS OF COMMUNICATION`

`MODELS OF COMMUNICATION`

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Communication models represent an ideal or perfect state that no organization can sensibly expect to achieve fully . There is no one organization that the research team can point to and say "Communication in that organization is completely excellent in all regards , so go copy it " In fact , when we looked at how the study 's top dozen organizations performed on all of the indicators that made up their overall excellence scores , some measures were only somewhat better than

average (Danielson Wayne A . 1997

Every organization has multiple measures that , while appropriately weighted and combined , give a generally measure of communication excellence (Glander , Timothy 1996 . If we consider of these multiple measures of excellence as an organization 's report card , then even the top performers had some Bs . had "straight as " The statistical tools used to make report cards for organizations isolated important qualities of excellence from definite organizations studied . Then these qualities were extrapolated to determine what excellence would mean for each one . Though every organization studied had some elements of communication excellence , and some achieved higher levels than others was perfect . Think of perfect communication as you would think of perfect parenting : a haughty goal to pursue , but probably not completely achievable in the real world

McQuail and Windahl (1981 ) overviewed the development and evolution of models in communication

A model is "a consciously simplified in graphic form of a piece of reality . A model seeks to show the main elements of any structure or process and the relationship between these elements (p 2

Thus , a model functions to (a ) organize and relay elements and systems to provide information in a basic way , information that would otherwise be difficult and ambiguous the model , thus has a heuristic function as it can guide you to key points or elements and (b ) give predictions about the course or outcomes of , in this case , information flows (these points are personalized from Deutsch , 1966 . Models can also be representing as structural and functional . A structural model seeks to only illustrate the organization of the components of a system Functional models portray systems based on energy , forces , and directionality , and are concerned with the control that one part of a model has on another . Communication models mainly are functional because communication is a dynamic process and often is focused on essentials of change (McQuail Windahl , 1981

According to McQuail and Windahl (1981

In most general terms , communication implies a sender , a channel , a message , a receiver , a relationship between sender and receiver , an effect , a context in which communication occurs and a range of things to which messages refer . Sometimes , but not always , there is an intention or purpose to 'communicate ' or to 'receive communication can be any or all of the following : an action on others , an interaction with others and a reaction to others . Sometimes the originators of models point to two additional processes , that of 'encoding...