Immunological & clinical effects of an autoimmune dis with focus on MS.

Running Head : Immunology and Clinical effect of auto immune diss

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Auto immune diss arise when the body starts producing an inappropriate immune response against its own cells and tissues . This happens when the immune system fails to recognize one or a number of its body constituents and starts producing auto antibodies which end up attacking its own cells , tissues and organs . This results to inflammation and damage leading to auto immune dis . Some of auto immune diss can be triggered by a bacteria

or virus but they are very few . This happens when antibodies or T cells attack normal body cells since they have some structures which are like for the infection microorganism . These diss are categorized into two i .e . systemic and localized auto immune dis . Multiple Sclerosis lies under the class of localized auto immune dis ( HYPERLINK "http /www .themcfox .com /multiple-sclerosis /ms-drugs /rebif /rebif-autoimm une .htm http /www .themcfox .com /multiple-sclerosis /ms-drugs /rebif /rebif-autoimmu ne .htm as retrieved on 5 Mar 2008 00 :59 :29 GMT

Multiple sclerosis has significant immunological aspects and its treatment is immunomodulatory . The disease is an auto immune dis which portrays some symptoms such as demyelinization , inflammation and axonal and also neuronal loss . Its diagnosis is extensive since it has multiple anatomical sites . Clinical diagnosis is done by knowing the history and physical features of the disease so as to determine the multiple anatomical sites which the disease has invaded . Multiple sclerosis is a chronic dis of central nervous system and impairment and disability increases over the period of time

The four clinical features of multiple sclerosis are :-

Relapse of multiple sclerosis- This occurs when there is complete or incomplete recovery as a result of acute exacerbation and disability occurs which is viewed as secondary progressive multiple sclerosis

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis- This is mainly the cause of neurological disability in young adults

Progressive multiple sclerosis

Progressive multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis has sub-clinical period whereby minimum or no clinical features are seen and MRO activity may occur which are picked up incidentally . Demyelinating plague may occur with hyperitensity on T1 . Immunological aspect of multiple sclerosis is quite complex . An over view of it shows that there are some foreign particles or molecules at the periphery , some proteins and antigens which appears and mostly they originated from viral insult . The molecule is then engulfed by an antigen preventing cell (APC (Sudhir , 1999

Engulfment by APC is usually a macrophage or it can involve other peripheral cells in the blood and they usually have external grooves which posses the antigens . When foreign molecules combine with APC , they determine major histocompactibility of the complex (MCH . Then MCH is usually noted by the T . cells which activate power can be increased by CD40 . CD 40 undergoes clonal expansion and then it undergoes differentiation in TH1 and TH2 cell receptors . TH1 acts as pro-inflammatory T cell whereas the TH2 acts as ant-inflammatory T cell In multiple sclerosis (MS ) mainly there is...