Environmental Science

Question 1 . In the 1990 US Census , the population was approximately 260 ,000 ,000 . In the 2000 US Census , the population was approximately 285 ,000 ,000 . During the same period , the fertility rate was approximately 2 .1 children . At this fertility rate , what would you expect the rate of population growth to be ? What could account for the 25 ,000 ,000 increase in the population

Rate of Population Growth : 285 ,000 ,000 - 260 ,000 ,000 0 .77

260 ,000 ,000

The 25 ,000 ,000 increase in the population may be the result

of any or all of the following : internal birth rate , migration and immigration

Question 2 ) What is Integrated Pest Management ? What is a main goal of this management strategy ? An alternate method of pest control is the use of biological agents . What is the greatest risk in the use of these controls

Integrated Pest Management (IPM ) is the coordinated use of pest and environmental information along with available pest control methods including cultural , biological , genetic and chemical methods to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means , and with the least possible hazard to people , property and the environment This approach relies primarily on non-chemical means (such as controlling climate , food sources , and building entry points ) to prevent and manage pest infestation . Chemical treatments are used only in a crisis situation threatening rapid losses or when pests fail to succumb to more conservative methods

Any control tactic chosen must be used at the right time and place to be effective . Keeping track of pest populations before they get out of hand is also important to avoid "emergency " situations , which may require the use of pesticide

The main goal of Integrated Pest Management Strategy is to control pests in safer , more effective , longer-lasting ways The Use of Biological control Agents is an alternative method of pest control . The greatest risk of the use of biological control agents is that the method use predators , parasites and diseases of pests in a targeted way to suppress pest populations . Use of predators and parasites as biological control for pests are handled in one or more of 3 ways , such as

conservation and encouragement of naturally occurring biological control organisms by cultural techniques or at least avoidance of harming them

b ) augmentation of naturally-occurring species by purchasing and releasing more of the same

c "classical " biological control in which new biological control species specific to pests are sought and introduced

References

Calvin , D .D , et al . 2001 . Field Crops Integrated Pest Management Training and

Reference Manual . The Pennsylvania State University . 122 pp . plus attachments ...