Design some regulatory responses to undesirable side-effects of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) technology

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, Shirley L "The confluence of two clinical specialties : genetics and assisted reproductive technologies (Advance , MedSurg Nursing , April 2004 Issue 1 match (internet http /www .icta .org 1 match (internet from 12 /13 /06 (12-13-06 ) http /www .phgu .org .uk /ecard ?link_ID 1068 The PGD Process The preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD ) is a method commonly used in in invitro fertilization to detect the possible genetic failures in the embryo before it will be implanted to the uterus[1] . Meaning , the practice would involve a process of fertilization that is carried outside the body of a woman . Multiple procedures like egg extraction , biopsy , genetic analysis , and embryo transfer is needed to be able to obtain the desired result . Genetic tests are performed after at least one or two cells were obtained within the four-day period of fertilization . Then two analyses are either used in the process . One is the chromosomal analysis to detect the chromosomes present in the embryo . The other one is DNA testing to locate gene mutations[2] . How PGD works is being performed by means of combination and identification of possible disease that is present in the embryo like the sex-related diseases or genetic diss , hence only healthy embryos will be used in the processes . Usually the embryos to be used are those that are already in the 6- to 8-cell stage . A maximum of 1-2 cells or blastomere will be used for genetic laboratory diagnosis . The method used in the process is "polymerase chain reaction (PCR ) and or fluorescence in "situ hybridization (FISH ) depending on what are the possible ailments . Then if the embryo is healthy , it can be transported to the uterus . In some cases where the problem is only the female , removal of the polar body in the eggs is conducted before subjecting the embryo into the fertilization process . PGD is often used in couples that are infertile[3] . The PGD Technology PGD is one of the best options to risk for those couple who usually produces genetically abnormal embryos . The claim was made strong by experiments that would prove how important is PGD to a couple . The 389 experimental couple was being subjected to treatments . The treatments includes female whose age is [pic]38 years which equal to n 266 or [pic]3 that has a preceding failed cycles designated as n 123 . Then 175 successive PGD cycles was conducted in 141 couples , which are then divided into three groups based on the euploid number of embryo 's that would be implanted in the first PGD cycle . The first group is patients diagnosed without euploid embryos...