Paper Topic:

Demobilization of Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone, Emergency Education and Transition from war and peace

(Ibid . same page ' The government forces have likewise not fared very well in observing human rights protection among civilians committing arbitrary killings , torture , and summary execution of prisoners of war and civilians suspected as rebels (MacMullin 2004

III-A . Child Refugees : Victims of Double Jeopardy

What could be considered the worst atrocities , however , are those committed on children , who , the HRW reports , were allegedly forced by RUF /SL forces to inflict pain and suffering against their own family members . Children are also not spared from but instead have been frequently victimized by

brutalities including murder , mutilation torture , beating , rape , and sexual slavery . Oftentimes they witness violence done to their families : their mothers or sisters raped , their fathers and brothers subjected to beating or even summarily executed before their very eyes (UNICEF 1996

Fleeing from the conflicted area to escape from violence is likewise often problematic for children . McNamara (1998 ) points out that Refugee children suffer a form of double jeopardy ' This double jeopardy stems from the double denial ' of human rights (e .g . being subjected to physical , psychological , and emotional violence ) that forced them to flee to other areas where they remain vulnerable to abuse , stripped of social and familial protection , and denied access to basic social services supposedly guaranteed to them that hampers - or damages - their development as human beings . The threat of being exposed to a possibly hostile and unfriendly environment due to the dislocation in a sense , is another violation of their right in itself (McNamara 1998 . In the refugee camps of Guinea , for instance , where most Sierra Leonen evacuees have sought temporary shelter , many refugee children have been separated from their parents and .are living with caregivers who may exploit them or fail to meet their needs (HRW 1999 III-B . Child Combatants : Children as Victim-Perpetrators

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