Christemdom

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Christendom

In the larger European system , a sense of community was expressed in the normal of the congress as senatus orbis christiani , or senate of the Christian world . The documents have references to religious doctrine . The peace proposals originating from the Imperial Spanish , and Swedish delegations , as well as the judgments on these proposals voted by the estates of the Empire , were always headed by invocations of the Trinity , as , finally , were the treaties themselves 'In nomine sacrosanctae et individuae Trinitatis Amen . It

was obviously seen as politic to claim on one 's Christianity , implying recognition of a common denominator . Indeed , confessional bias was something that the negotiators condemned of--especially in others . The Frenchman Servien , for instance , felt that the Swedish delegates were too little concerned with raison d 'ytat and extremely to the protestant cause . True enough , the Swedes were instructed to extend their closeness to Protestants and Catholics alike , but primarily to the Protestants (W . I . BRANDT , 1930

Servien 's colleague (and enemy ) d 'Avaux , an appointee of the pious queen mother , seems to have been the simply one of the main delegates to the congress to be both personally spiritual and prepared to let his religion influence his politics in a methodical way . D 'Avaux helped the Catholics where he could , prompt grumbles from the Swedish delegates Servien agreed with the Swedes , but , given the tense association between the two French delegates , he was the last person that d 'Avaux would have listened to . Longueville , too , aroused Swedish suspicions by stressing France 's duty to protect the Catholic religion . But while he was taken to task by the Swedish negotiator Rosenhane , Longueville amiably assured him that he would exhort the German Catholics to be sensible and to leave the religious quarrel to be decided in the next world . It is also value noting that the French , with their cross-denominational alliances uniquely and rather pointedly omitted the usual invocations of the Trinity from the headings of their official proposals , as if to stay theology out of the negotiations overall

Of the two major Swedish delegates at Osnabr 'ck , Johan Oxenstierna surely did not distinguish himself by his religious zeal , as his colleague Salvius seems to have been completely agnostic . Fascinating evidence given by Stolpe , the biographer of Queen Kristina , shows Salvius to have been very much involved in the underground 'libertinist , i .e . neo-pagan movement in Italy and France , as , indeed was Queen Kristina herself . Throughout the congress , Salvius once addressed a significant , almost proto Marxian letter to her , dismissing religious superstructures as a disguise for economic interests . There was no particular reason for him to cosset in such theorizing , except that he evidently saw the queen as a kindred spirit , someone who liked to read that kind of thing

Even the Imperial court at Vienna thought along comparatively secular lines . A group of relatively liberal clerics there combated the extremist Catholic party , headed at the congress by figures such...