Bread Mold-Penicillium, Aspergillus & Rhizopus

Fungi with Focus on Subdivision Zygomycotina and Ascomycotina

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Table of Contents

Fungi with Focus on Subdivision Zygomycotina and Ascomycotina

Outline .3

A Short Introduction to Fungi .4

Two Division System : Myxomycota and Eumycota .4

Eumycota and Subdivisions .5

Zygomycotina .6

Ascomycotina .6

Selected Bibliography .10

Outline

1 General Fungal Characteristics

2 Two Division System : Myxomycota and Eumycota

2 .1 Myxomycota

2 .2 Eumycota

3 Eumycota and Subdivisions

3 .1 Mastigomycotina

3 .2 Basidiomycotina

3 .3 Deuteromycotina

p 3 .4 Zygomycotina

3 .5 Ascomycotina

4 Zygomycotina

4 .1 Physical

4 .2 reproduction

5 Ascomycotina

5 .1Physical

5 .2 reproduction

6 . Importance of Ascomycotina

6 .1 Industrial

6 .2 Medical

Fungi with Focus on Subdivision Zygomycotina and Ascomycotina

A Short Introduction to Fungi . Fungi comprises a huge and varied group of organisms that have common characteristics with both the lower plants (algae ) and lower animals but are not related to each other (1 , a , b ,c They contain true mitochondria and a membrane-enclosed nucleus . They have no chlorophyll and chloroplast . Reproduction is achieved through sexual and asexual means (12 . Most fungi grow as branched tubular systems , or mycelia , whose individual filaments or hyphae are surrounded by rigid cell walls containing chitin , cellulose , or both , and other polysaccharides . All fungi lack photosynthetic ability and therefore require preformed organic compounds (2

Prior to the development of fungi in the microscope in the 1600s , the only fungi described were the higher fungi that have large fruiting structures , such as morels , mushrooms , and puffballs . In 1836 , the study of fungi was termed mycology (a branch of botany . The different groups of fungi are classified according to their means of sexual reproduction life cycle exhibited , growth and developmental stages , and means of asexual propagation (4

Two Division System : Myxomycota and Eumycota . Ainsworth constructed a two-division system for fungi---the kingdom is divided into two groups namely Division Myxomycota and Division Eumycota . In Division Myxomycota , the fungi grow as multinucleate amoeboid plasmodia and produce motile uninucleate amobae , as well as biflagellate cells . The so called true fungi are placed in Division Eumycota . The evolutionary relations for this division may be described as a single phyletic series , except for Oomycetes (6

Eumycota and Subdivisions . The Division Eumycota is subdivided into subdivison Mastigomycotina , Basidiomycotina , Deuteromycotina Zygomycotina , and Ascomycotina . In subdivision Mastigomycotina , the fungi produce motile spores called zoospores , with one or two flagella The subdivision Basidiomycotina includes members producing haplontic sexual spores called basidiospores on a specialized cell called the basidium . The subdivision Deuteromycotina includes all fungi that lack known sexual reproductive structures . Most fungi that cannot be classified fall under this subdivision . The subdivision Zygomycotina has a single class , Zygomycetes and this class includes fungi---bread molds or pin molds---that typically produce an abundant or aerial , coenocytic mycelium and are common causes for the decay of of foods and rich sources of organic material . The subdivision Ascomycotina (formerly the class Ascomycetes ) includes all true fungi in which sexual reproduction results in ascospores , produced within specialized structures called an ascus...