Body Language Within The Counselling Forum, And It`s Implications

Body Language Within The Counselling Forum , And It`s Implications

Introduction

Julia Scherba de Valenzuela defines communication as "Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that person 's needs , desires , perceptions knowledge , or affective states . Communication may be intentional or unintentional , may involve conventional or unconventional signals , may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms , and may occur through spoken or other modes " On the other hand professional counselling is defined by Steadman 's Medical Dictionary as "a professional relationship and activity in

which one person endeavours to help another to understand and to solve his or her adjustment problems the giving of advice opinion , and instruction to direct the judgment or conduct of another (Stedman 's Electronic Medical Dictionary , 1994

Body language , a non-verbal method of communication , is an important integral part of communication that can convey meaning in its own or in addition to other modes of communication It is even thought that meanings expressed by body language can be more powerful than verbal communication

Argyle 's experiments have shown that non-verbal signals have about four-and-a-half times the effect of verbal ones a leading Californian researcher , Albert Mehrabian , claims facial expressions are almost eight times as powerful as the words used and Professor Ray Birdwhistell of the University of Louisville found that in face-to-face conversations two-thirds of the communication takes place non-verbally (Fletcher , 2000

In this I am going to study the significance of body language in counselling . Although counselling in general will be referred to in this study , the main objective is to relate body language with psychotherapeutic counselling . The will be studied under the following headings

Counselling

Body Language

Body Language in Psychotherapeutic Counselling

Conclusions

Counselling

The words counselling and counsellor are overused just to label an activity with a professional tag . Countless are people who provide simple services that do not need any training and can be done using common sense and call themselves counsellors This misconception is attributed to the lack of differentiation between counselling and counselling skills and the fact that in dictionaries counselling is primarily defined as giving advice (Rowland , 1993 . The misconception can also be traced at the professional level

On a professional level , and without necessarily undergoing any training in counselling , some doctors claim to 'do all the counselling ' in their practice , and surgery conversations in which the doctor 'counsels ' the patient have an impressive sound to them which 'having a chat about it ' lacks (Harris 1987

Counselling cannot be the act of a person making money by arranging enrolment of students in universities abroad , as it happens in developing countries , neither can it be the act of a salesman answering the questions of customers , or a lady giving advice on cosmetic products . Counselling is a professional career that requires theoretical knowledge and practical training

Counselling is the skilled and principled use of relationships to develop self knowledge , emotional acceptance and growth , and personal resources . The overall aim is to live more fully and satisfyingly . Counselling may be concerned with addressing and resolving specific problems , making decisions , coping with crisis , working through feelings or inner conflict or improving relationships with others . The counsellor 's role is to facilitate the client 's work in ways that respect the client 's values , personal resources and capacity for self determination (Rowland , 1993

Although counselling is applied in a number of fields , the one we are going to study will be the therapeutic counselling in psychology . Counselling in this field which has been established as a career is supported by a great deal of theoretical studies . Indeed , the practitioner of any psychotherapeutic profession should be equipped with the essential theoretical background that will enable him to practice professionally different to the many people who claim that their activities are counselling . Like any other profession counselling cannot be practiced without a thorough understanding of the theories of counselling . While it is beyond the scope of this study to explore counselling theories in detail , it might be appropriate to point out the importance of theoretical understanding by the following quote

Theoretical understanding is an essential part of effective counselling practice . Theories help counsellors organize clinical data , make complex processes coherent , and provide conceptual guidance for interventions . The overwhelming barrage of information with which practicing counsellors are regularly confronted would be a bewildering array of random , disparate happenings without the aid of organizing conceptual tools to make sense of it all (Hansen , 2006

In other words counselling if not practiced as a profession on the basis of the theories and procedures established through research and earlier practices , will nothing more than the counselling attempted by all those whom claim that they are providing counselling

Moreover , theoretical understanding enables the counsellor to plan counselling in general and to handle the `moment-to-moment decisions of his practice (Combs , 1989 . And it is only commensurate with the professionalism established in health care over the years

At practice level the of this relates to counselling , i .e . body language in counselling forum . Therefore it is appropriate to illustrate some of the practice areas where body language can be applied . A number of life experiences lead to psychological , emotional , and spiritual impact which necessitates seeking professional help . This type of patients or clients seeks the professional help which is normally the traditional medical model that may not address the psychological problems . Alternatively , a bio-psychosocial model of health and well-being emphasizes reciprocal interactions among the biological , psychological , social , and spiritual dimensions that influence health . Within this paradigm , the impact of the illness is addressed in all of its ramifications (Fredrickson et al , 2002

People suffering psychologically as a result of disastrous events or news normally need the help of a professional psychologist who can deal with the psychological ailments affecting their lives . Very often professionals may successfully help the client to cope well and lead a normal life in some other instances change the mood of the patient to have a positive attitude to life . This can only be done by professional counsellors who received sufficient training in to address the psychological problems of patients /clients However , for a comprehensive welfare of patients a holistic therapeutic management should be effected by a collegial relationship between counsellors and medical professionals (Fredrickson et al , 2002 . This holistic approach , which is the subject of Fredrickson et al 's book is the most appropriate response for the cases of the population suffering from such problems . Their point of view with regards to the role of counsellors is illustrated in the following summary

In summary (a ) a large percentage of the U .S . population is living with a chronic medical illness (b ) there is empirical support for the positive effects of psychological intervention as adjunctive treatment for medical disease , which includes decreased morbidity and mortality (c ) scientific evidence of the mind-body connection reveals fascinating abilities of the body to facilitate physical healing through mental processes and (d ) a bio-psychosocial model of health care is more effective than the traditional biomedical model in addressing the myriad issues of persons with chronic illnesses . Therefore the rationale for incorporating counselling in overall treatment regimens seems to be scientifically grounded , holistically based and the most optimally effective use of health care services The question then becomes which issues are most relevant in helping people to cope with chronic and /or serious illnesses and which counselling strategies and interventions are most efficacious (Fredrickson et al , 2002

The interventions of counsellors are mostly verbal communications but as mentioned earlier no verbal communication can be without body language and more importantly body language can add a lot to the meanings expressed verbally . A variety of interventions are reported by Fredrickson et al , 2002 in their review of literature . The interventions include biofeedback and relaxation training , self-hypnosis , behavioural contracting and coping skills training (Collins , Kaslow , Doepke , Eckman Johnson , 1998 . Other intervention methods are reported by Williams Koocher (1998 ) including intervention strategies for gaining a sense of self-efficacy and control . Other interventions listed in their literature review include harnessing the illness experience as a creative force , and psycho-educational and family interventions (Koocher , 1996 as cited in Fredrickson et al , 2002 . In these interventions body language is an integral part and can a powerful technique for achieving the goals of the intervention . Significance and implications of body language in counselling will be discussed in a separate section later

Body Language

Body language is part of the paralanguage category which refers to all communication that is not verbal . In body language an important distinction should be made to distinguish voluntary and involuntary . Therefore , body language can be a deliberate move of the hands a nod of appreciation or agreement and it can also be involuntary smile that you may try hard to hide or facial expressions reflecting your inner feelings . Body language is originated from both genetic and environmental influences (Wikipedia

For all purposes of communication , but particularly for psychotherapy counselling understanding body language is very important as it is the way that will reveal the feelings of the patient /client . In any face-to-face communication the two parties are involved in body language including both categories voluntary and involuntary . While the patient will use body language as he normally use it when he communicates , the professional counsellor 's use and understanding of body language should essentially be deeper and based on the literature available on body language . It would even be more helpful if practical body language training is provided to counsellors

Body Language Examples

Eye Contact

Looking is a very important body language technique that is mostly used voluntarily though eyes can give messages involuntarily . In our routine social conversations we look at each other for the best part of the duration of the conversation . However , you can send and receive different messages through these looks . Socially looking at the other party of conversation less often or to look away from him may be interpreted as lack of interest or boredom . Sometimes this technique is used as a tactic when you want the other person to feel uncomfortable . Yet looking at the other person more than you would do normally sends a message of enthusiasm and liking though the tactic may be genuine or pretended (Fletcher 2000

Although eye contact is a very powerful body language and very often one can understand the message intuitively , in some instances eye contact has cultural variations and can be interpreted differently from one culture to another

In some parts of the world , particularly in East Asia [Korea , Japan , and China] , eye contact can provoke major misunderstandings between people of different nationalities Keeping direct eye contact with elderly people leads them to assume you are being aggressive and rude - the opposite reaction of most Americans or Europeans (Wikipedia

There is also another form of cultural influence regarding eye contact though it is originally religious rather than cultural For Muslims there are strong restrictions for looking at the opposite sex . Any opposite sex who is not a family member or a legitimate partner is a stranger for you and it is prohibited to look at her /him more than the initial eye contact , i .e . a look of a few seconds . This is mainly to avoid potential unwanted desires which are expected to result in getting involved in sins

Lustful glances to those of the opposite sex , young or adult , are also prohibited . This means that eye contact between any man and woman is allowed only for a second or two . This is a must in most Islamic schools , with some exceptions depending on the case , like when teaching , testifying , or looking at a girl for marriage . If allowed , it is only allowed under the general rule "No-Desire , clean eye-contact Otherwise , it is not allowed , and considered "adultery of the eyes (Al-Munajjid , 2004

Despite the cultural differences in using eye contact , it is not difficult to pick up the conventions from the social contact of the first few days when one arrives to a different culture environment . However , this is not sufficient for a professional counsellor a thorough study of the eye contact language is necessary , preferably with reference to the culture of client or clients

Facial Expression

One can sometimes make a facial expression voluntarily however most of facial expressions are involuntary because they are closely related to emotions . Sometimes emotions which you do not want to show may be displayed involuntarily in an incomplete form though noticeable by the other person . For example , if somebody finds the person he is interacting with unattractive and feels he /she dislikes the other person , an expression of disgust may appear on the face before he resists it and shift to the neutral look

According to Charles Darwin .the young and the old of widely different races , both with man and animals , express the same state of mind by the same movements ' However anthropologists up to mid 20th century disagreed with him and thought that facial expressions can be learned and differ from one culture to another . Yet further studies supported Darwin 's statement that facial expressions are universal specially expressions of anger , sadness , fear , surprise , disgust , contempt and happiness (Wikipedia ) Yet a counsellor interacting with a client can control some of the facial expressions indirectly For example , if he genuinely get interested in the problems facing the client and try to sympathise genuinely , this would be reflected in his facial expressions and would help in winning the trust of the client and hence his free talk

The Movement of Arms and Hands

It is said that the palms of our hands are signals of honesty : some people take showing palms while speaking as emphasis for the truthfulness of what is being said . Moreover palms are also used in handshaking a very impressive body language (Fletcher , 2000 . Handshaking is significantly used in business . The significance is in how you stretch your arm to shake the hand of the other person , how firm you grip the palm and how many pumps on his palm do you make Surprisingly these pumps are three or four full pumps up and down in Texas , three to five shorter , quicker pumps on the East Coast , and it 's one or two quick pumps in California (Wood , as cited in Nazareno , 2004 "It 's not the firmness so much as the fact that the palm of your hand has full contact with the palm of the other person 's hand " Wood says

Crossing arms can convey different messages when combined with certain situations : armed crossed when sitting with strangers in upright exposure is a defensive body language expressing fear On the other hand , when crossed arms are combined with leaning back while sitting it expresses superiority (Fletcher , 2000 In this picture which is a session of marriage counselling and the spouses are listening to the counsellor , you can easily tell who is relaxed and who is defensive to mask his tension and fears . Yet the husband in terms of what has been reported from Fletcher can either be described as pretending to be superior or in a state of defence trying to hide his fears from the consequences of this session

Handshaking is a tactic that can be used effectively in business to impose power or express it . However , the movements should be calculated to convey the desired message

Like apes and bears , the powerful and those aspiring for power try to dominate a social interaction by taking up as much space as possible , broadening their shoulders , standing with their feet apart or sitting with their legs spread out When shaking hands , some try to dominate that interaction by forcing his or her hand on top in a horizontal position rather than a vertical , equal position . Others try to dominate by squeezing harder than necessary "So when someone wants to be on top , that means power is important to them " Wood said "But a caveat to that is that sometimes people make that move because they want to start the interaction like that when they 're afraid of the other person 's power . You get that with upper- hand shakers and bone crushers (Nazareno , 2004

Gestures

A gesture belongs to the non-verbal expressions of the body language . It is normally used as a non-verbal method of communication by itself or sometimes combined with verbal communication . It is also normal to find somebody using gesture and body language in addition to spoken words at a time

Gestures are very useful when delivering a speech a situation where words alone are not sufficient to convey the message clearly to the audience . A careful combination of words and gestures are necessary for a speech to be interesting and attracting the audience to your point of view . However overdoing it can be disastrous . Also gestured prepared in advance may often stand out as odd and inappropriate

One can easily distinguish gestures that are referring to the self versus gestures which are going out to the audience exposing the speaker 's feelings and inviting communication . These are essential for a successful delivery . Even a brilliant text , if it is delivered with no audience contact , will most probably flop . Personal , communicative gestures are vital Learned , rehearsed gestures are a disaster . Artificial gestures which are not natural to the speaker , create a wall which keeps the audience from being able to empathize or even relate to the speaker (Goldman , 2003 US navy helicopter landing signals illustration by Jeremy Kemp 1 /24 /2005 . Adobe Illustrator and Photo Elements

This is a composite of four photographs released to the public domain by the US Navy . See HYPERLINK "http /www .navy .mil " \o "http /www .navy .mil " http /www .navy .mil

Gestures are not universal but rather a number of gestures are related to certain cultures having an established cultural meaning . In this sense a person new to a culture should be careful in using gestures until he is familiar with the host culture

Although some gestures , such as the ubiquitous act of pointing , differ little from one place to another , most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings , having specific connotations only in certain cultures . Different types of gestures are distinguished . The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures . These are culture-specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words . Communities have repertoires of such gestures . A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts , ranging from complimentary to highly offensive (Wikipedia

Hand Gestures : These are the gestures performed by using hands one or both . Due to the ability of the human hand to acquire a huge number of clearly discernible configurations hand gestures are numerous which is manifested in the `sign language Body language (hand gestures ) of US Marine Corps General Michael W . Hagee

Gestures are numerous since almost with every part of the body you can make a gesture . The list includes body gestures , hand gestures , head gestures , face gestures , eye rolling etc

A gesture may be made using a hand and another part of the body . Gestures combining the hand and parts of the head imply some interesting meetings

Hand-to-face gestures can also say a lot . When people cover their mouths with their hands they are likely to be lying touching the nose often means the same scratching the neck can indicate doubt or uncertainty rubbing the ear that the person feels he has heard enough chin stroking is usually a prelude to making a decision and putting fingers in the mouth , Professor Desmond Morris has noted , shows the person feels under pressure . Yes , many of these gestures may simply be the response to an itch , but if you watch carefully you will have no trouble differentiating physical from mental discomfort (Fletcher , 2000

It is also part of the body language how far or how close to the other person you stand or sit . Particularly this is important for business men and people meeting formally

The most relaxing distance to stand away from someone when talking is just under two feet . Any further apart feels strained , while closer , particularly with the opposite sex , is threatening and can be used deliberately to create that effect Basically , you must make sure verbal and nonverbal messages do not conflict . If you make a hostile statement in a friendly voice , the listener will discount the hostility and perceive the message to be friendly (This was established by Professor Argyle and four colleagues in a 1970 study ) Alternatively , you can give bad news in a friendly way if you want to lessen the impact (Fletcher , 2000

However , there might be some variations in different cultures therefore , counsellors or businessmen should be aware of these variation to be able to express the desired message by the way they greet , sit or stand close or at a distance

Hugging

If one tries to recall times when he was hugged he will find that they were in certain emotional moments within the very close circle of the family or from a partner . But depending on the cultures the number of people from whom you can get a hug may increase or decrease . A hug is known to be a very affectionate gesture and can have a great positive effect

"A good hug speaks directly to your body and soul , making you feel loved and special " Mihalko says "It overwrites any unworthiness or 'negative voices ' in your head telling you that you cannot be loved . It 's a anxiety remedy held in the arms of another , any tension just drains away (as cited in Stephens , 2007

Because of its great benefits hugs are now used as healing techniques in U .S . instead of medication for people suffering from social isolation and depression . It is reported that it is used by some organizations such as the U .S . Surviving Burns Support Service Advocate and they call it `hug therapy

More importantly research results confirm some medical benefits of hugs

Researchers found that hugging for 20 seconds was enough to boost levels of oxytocin sufficiently to induce emotional and physiological benefits for a whole day . Oxytocin into not only makes you feel good it also improves heart function protecting against heart disease . Hugging was found to reduce levels of the stress hormone cortisol , which is associated with anxiety , physical tension , anger and weaker immunity (Stephens , 2007

Therefore , we can conclude that body language is of great benefit in many fields including counselling where it can be vital for understanding the feelings of the client , establishing a positive relationship that will eventually make the counselling successful . It is particularly important when a counsellor is dealing with a client reluctant to open up and instead prefers to give short answers for the questions of the counsellor . If body language is used appropriately , the counsellor will be able to remove the suspicions and the tensions of the client

Body Language in Psychotherapeutic Counselling

Before we investigate the application of body language in counselling it is essential to have an idea about the process of counselling in the psychotherapeutic counselling . Counselling is normally a structured interview with a client /patient who is not in the right mood for an interview and may not open up until the counsellor has established the suitable channel of communication

According to Egan (1986 ) counselling is conducted over three stages : exploration , new understanding and action . The exploration stage is when the counsellor establishes a warm relationship with the client so that he can confide in him and express his feelings , worries etc and listens to the problem (s ) from the client 's point of view . This may be the most important and difficult stage where the counsellor should give all his attention to the client and make him feel that he is concerned . This is achieved by listening and listening actively . The active listening is effected by .the counsellor 's communication of empathic understanding , non-critical acceptance and genuineness , by paraphrasing , reflecting feelings summarising , focusing and by helping the client to be specific (Corney , 1993

The stage of new understanding is when the counsellor leads the client to see the problem in a different prospective that will also enable him to appreciate what he and the counsellor have in terms of resources , and strengths they may be used for developing an effective coping with the situation . Again the counsellor needs certain skills to be able to achieve this new understanding

The counsellor 's skills include giving attention and active listening , along with what Egan calls challenging skills . These comprise the communication of deeper empathic understanding (hunches , the music behind the words , educated guesses ) helping the client to recognise themes , inconsistencies , behaviour patterns and feelings giving information , including appropriate sharing of the counsellor 's feelings and /or experiences and immediacy , i .e . discussion of what is happening between counsellor and client . Preliminary goal-setting is also included in this stage , though it is covered in more depth in the third part of the process , Action (Corney , 1993

Finally at the stage of action the counsellor 's role is to enable the client to appreciate the possible actions including the costs and consequences . Then he may be ready for committing to an action plan and an implementation schedule and consider how these will be evaluated . At this stage the counsellor needs to deploy all the skills mentioned in the first two stages in addition to creative thinking , problem solving , and decision making . Indeed , In real life theory and practice rarely dovetail ! In counselling practice the stages described above often overlap , and while the model gives an overview of the structure of the counselling process , it can at times be seen operating within the context of a single session . theless Egan 's model not only describes the theory and practice of counselling , but the framework is useful in understanding other theories of counselling (Corney , 1993

Now that the procedure of counselling has been illustrated we need to study the significance or implications of non-verbal communication in this practice . Indeed , health and illness are complex , socially influenced concepts and understanding that heavily rely on communication (Friedman Martin , 2005 . As mentioned earlier all the skills necessary for the counsellor to conduct effective professional counselling , requires that he uses communication skills most of which are non-verbal

Nonverbal communication - the use of dynamic but non-language messages such as facial expressions , gestures , gaze , touch , and vocal cues - is especially important when emotions , identities and status roles are significant , as well as in situations where verbal communications are untrustworthy , ambiguous , or otherwise difficult to interpret (DePaulo Friedman , 1998

It is now obvious that non-verbal communication in health care particularly in psychotherapeutic counselling is vital . Patients come to health care centres because of their worries about the symptoms and with some discomfort about the situation of being interviewed by an authority that has the knowledge and skills in addition to his authority to ask him all those questions It is not strange that he is motivated by his worries and symptoms to conceal information . However , it is the role of the counsellor to use the non-verbal communication methods effectively and skilfully to win the trust of the patient and help him to render all the information necessary for him to handle the understanding stage

From the patient 's perspective , transactions in a health care setting are often confusing and intimidating . The medical encounter represents a unique social situation , with one person holding most of the power , knowledge , and prestige and the other disclosing personal details about him- or herself , often while scantily dressed and experiencing considerable anxiety about the symptoms that precipitated the visit . The information that patients receive from health care providers may be difficult to understand due to technical language or jargon , as well as the stress of the situation . Further , the health recommendations that are made or prescribed may seem confusing daunting , or unreasonable (Friedman Martin , 2005

In the health care face-to-face communication with patients it is important to interpret the non-verbal cues of the patients Hippocrates urged the practitioner to first focus on the patient 's face , and the face-to-face clinical intake or diagnostic interview has become the cornerstone of modern diagnosis (Friedman , 1982 . Although the technology of investigations and the computerized data can assist physicians in their diagnosis , the difficult-to-specify information that can be retrieved by face-to-face interview is quite valuable

Nonverbal cues can often be a good indicator of psychopathological comorbidity , an important issue as depression is increasingly recognized as relevant to many illnesses Nonverbal cues are essential to diagnosing syndromes such as the Type A Behavior Pattern (e .g , involving explosive speech and glaring facial expressions Chesney , Ekman , Friesen , Black Hecker , 1990 Hall , Friedman Harris , 1986 ) and related unhealthy patterns of hostility (Friedman Martin , 2005

The counsellor 's role in the face-to-face communication is in fact twofold as he is required to read the patient 's non-verbal language and also to transmit the appropriate non-verbal messages that eliminate the barriers between them and open up the patient to express his feelings , worries and ask all his questions . For this role the counsellor should be very skilful in using body language and should be familiar with all the meanings that may be conveyed by body language

There are considerable amount of research on non-verbal communication . Some of these revealed that non-verbal behaviours of health care providers that involves a lot of body language may be associated with the satisfaction and lower levels of anxiety (Beck , Daughtridge Sloan , 2002 , as cited in Friedman Martin , 2005

Conclusions

Literature clearly indicates that non-verbal communication is essential in all communication situations , but particularly in the counselling profession and importantly in the psychotherapeutic counselling . In fact without mastering the skills of reading and sending non-verbal messages appropriately and efficiently , the professional counsellor is bound to be unsatisfied with the results of his professional practice . The psychologically upset person is not expected to co-operate immediately when the interview is initiated by the questions of the counsellor . He will probably be under the impression that he is inferior to the counsellor and has suspicions about his authority and will be reluctant to give enough details . The counsellor using his professional body language skills can provide a warm friendly environment of discussion and can establish a free channel of communication

p The social experience of using body language is not sufficient for professional practice and appropriate training for mastering the skills should be designed planned and implemented

Body language is not only essential in the medical environment but is also essential in a number of other fields , including education and training , sales , social work etc . Teachers trainers , social workers etc . lacking this skill may fail in achieving their objectives despite employing all the professional methods of their roles

References

Fletcher , Winston "Let your body do the talking " Management Today . 01 Mar 2000 . 30 . eLibrary . Proquest . TORONTO PUBLIC LIBRARY . 13 Feb 2007 br

Rowland , Nancy in Corney , Roslyn Jenkins , Rachel editors (1993 Counselling in General Practice - Routledge , London - Pages 17

Hansen , James T (2006 ) - Counseling Theories within a Postmodernist Epistemology : New Roles for Theories in Counseling Practice ' - Journal of Counseling and Development . Volume : 84 . Issue : 3 (2006 ) -Pages 291

Combs , A .W (1989 ) A Theory of Therapy : Guidelines for Counselling Practice , Newbury Park : Sage

Fredrickson , Susan A Kiselica , Mark S Roberts , Shirley A (2002 ) - Quality of Life of Persons with Medical Illnesses : Counseling 's Holistic Contribution ' - Journal of Counseling and Development . Volume 80 . Issue : 4 (2002 ) Pages 422

Al-Munajjid , Sheikh Muhammad Saleh (14 /March /2004 . Available at HYPERLINK "http /www .islamonline .net /servlet /Satellite ?pagename IslamOnline-Engli sh-Ask_Scholar /FatwaE /FatwaE cid 52 " \o "http /www .islamonline .net /servlet /Satellite ?pagename IslamOnline-Engli sh-Ask_Scholar /FatwaE /FatwaE cid 52 "Twenty Tips for Lowering the Gaze . Downloaded on 12 February 2007

Analisa Nazareno Analisa Nazareno EXPRESS-NEWS BUSINESS WRITER "WORKPLACE Let me hear your body talk In the business world , the way you 're seen and heard can make an huge impression on those around you San Antonio Express-News . 03 Jul 2004 . 8H . eLibrary . Proquest . TORONTO PUBLIC LIBRARY . 13 Feb 2007

Stephens , Anastasia "Arms arounnd the world In the US , cuddle parties are the latest way to ease tension and boost wellbeing . W ill they catch on here ? Anastasia Stephens gets physical " Independent - London . 06 Feb 2007 . 12 . eLibrary . Proquest . TORONTO PUBLIC LIBRARY . 13 Feb 2007 br

Corney , Roslyn Jenkins , Rachel editors (1993 ) Counselling in General Practice - Routledge , London - Pages 17

Friedman Martin , `Non-verbal Communication and Healthcare in Feldman Robert S Riggio , Ronald E - editor (2005 ) Applications of Nonverbal Communication - Lawrence Erlbaum - Mahwah , NJ

Goldman , Ellen (2003 ) As Others See Us : Body Movement and the Art of Successful Communication ' - Routledge , New York

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