Paper Topic:

Biology

BismiAllah hir Rahman nir Raheem

Photosynthesis , Cellular Respiration , and ATP Production and they are all related

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the two main processes by which plants produce energy in the form of ATP . Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food in the presence of pigment chlorophyll and light

There are light reactions of photosynthesis (that occurs during day light ) and dark reactions of photosynthesis that occur during night hours . In light reactions activated electrons are generated from chlorophyll molecules and travels through the electron

transport chain hence light energy is converted into ATP

In dark reactions (Calvin Cycle ) of chlorophyll glucose is generated from Co2 after a series of complicated reactions involving consumption of ATP and NADPH2 (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

ATP (Adenosine tri phosphate ) is produced during the process of cellular respiration when oxidation of glucose takes place . This process usually occurs in cellular organelles mitochondria . In this process of oxidation glucose combines with oxygen resulting in production of carbondioxide water molecules and ATP . Around 38 molecules of ATP are produced in one cycle

However , the photosynthesis is the main process for the production of ATP as glucose production also needs ATP

Classical Conditioning in Animals

In classical conditioning animals can learn to respond to a stimulus when associated with a certain unconditioned stimulus or naturally occurring event . For example mouth watering (unconditioned response ) is a natural reflex after seeing or smelling food (unconditioned stimulus But if a kind of bell or signal is associated with the food then gradually animal will learn to give a conditioned response (production of saliva , running towards the bell ) whenever it is rung with or without food

Island Biogeography

It describes how plants and animals are distributed and spread in islands

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen is an important nutrient for all living organisms . Nitrogen cycle is a naturally occurring cycle of ecosystem in which atmospheric nitrogen is absorbed in soil and converted to ammonia (NH3 ) and nitrate (NO3 ) with the help of bacteria and fungi for the consumption of plants Humans consume it from plants and animals

References

Nitrogen cycle . HYPERLINK "http /www .eoearth .org /article /Nitrogen_cycle http /www .eoearth .org /article /Nitrogen_cycle

Classic conditioning of animals . HYPERLINK "http /www .gwu .edu kkid /classical .html http /www .gwu .edu kkid /classical .html

Photosynthesis . HYPERLINK "http /school .discoveryeducation .com /quizzes23 /macst /PhotoRespiration .h tml http /school .discoveryeducation .com /quizzes23 /macst /PhotoRespiration .ht ml

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