Astronomy

[author]

[professor]

[subject]

[date]

Expansion Rate of the Universe

The age of the earth is approximated at 4 .5 billion years based from radioactive dating of rocks and crystals from different sites in Greenland , Canada , Australia and Africa . Friedmann 's equation describes the dynamics of expanding universe , relating its curvature and density ?Gpm /3 - k /R2 /2 where R (t ) is the scale factor , H R /R is the Hubble 's parameter , pm is the average mass density , k is the curvature term , and ? is the cosmological constant . Cosmological constant

br currently is parameterized by ?x which is expressed as matter density ?m 8 ? G ?m /3H02 , or vacuum energy density /3H02 . Galaxy surveys however suggests deference from this homogeneity

The

(k , power spectrum , probability of finding a pair of galaxies at random , is parametrized by ?m h , the horizon scale at the matter of time and radiation . The bigger scales are consistent with 0 .15-0 .20 which is beginning to overlap that of CMB anisotropy instruments . matter / energy density of the universe is achieved by gauging the angular spectrum of microwave background anisotropies . The primary acoustic peak is found to be located at a multiple pole value l ?210 which is consistent with ?adiabatic cold dark matter inflationary model with power law intial pertruberation model approaching 1 . Erroneous cosmological constant is corrected by considering dark energy in the flat universe as evidenced by the supernova high redshifts . Universe is now undergoing acceleration

Dark matter is said to consist of neutrinos with a equal to that of bright stars and that 70 is vacuum . The expansion rate of the universe relies on the Hubble constant . Extragalactic distance estimation , using inverse square radiation law , can be approximated using Cepheid variables . Ho 72 - 7 (systematic ) km S-1Mpc-1 measurements which are constant with measurements of Sunyae-Zeldovich effect

The expansion rate of the universe is an interesting since with it is approximated at what stage the galaxy is in . It is corollary to predicting the entire lifespan of the universe from the time of Big Bang up to predicting the end of all things . What the journal aims to answer is the expansion rate and fortunately as new technologies seem to emerge , there are constant changes brought to the theory of expansion rate

The primary question asked by the people would be : What is so important about the rate ? It is like billions away from the projected time and the end is so so far away ' Naturally , what the rate aims to answer is that it is the physical basis of the entire make-up of the universal body . Relative to these there is an attempt to question the laws and theories which govern the basic premise of the universe

Hubble 's parameter is modified at its cosmological constant , giving new to rise to the idea that the universe is not homogenous . From the results of data and power spectrum , and using the angular power spectrum of microwave background temperature anisotropies , the universe is...