Topic: Application Of Ethical Principles In Reation To Genetics And Genetic Counselling

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Type of paper:	Essay
Subject area:	Ethics
Academic level:	College
Style:	Harvard
Size:	47.0 kB
Word count:	2457 words/9 pages
Mark awarded:
Author:	Mike Kane
Date submitted:	2008-11-21 20:37:15
Rating/Votes count:	5.00 / 3

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The Ethics of Genetics
The ethical guidelines that are applied to all areas of medicine are
universal , and happen to be the same for medical genetics . These
guidelines concern autonomy , justice , beneficence , and nonmaleficence .
Autonomy refers to the ability of individuals to govern themselves as
well as to make reasoned decisions with regards to the medical treatment
they must undergo . Respect for the autonomy of human beings is a
fundamental ethical principle . It involves the telling of truth to
individuals so as to render them capable of making sound decisions about
their health . It also involves protecting those individuals who have
little autonomy , for example , children , people with disabilities , and
mental impairments , by making the correct decisions for them (Nuhfer
2001 .
The ethical principle of justice demands that all persons
undergoing medical treatment must be treated fairly as well as equally
and be given what they rightfully deserve . All medical practitioners
are obligated to treat their patients with justice . What is more , all
people in the medical profession are required to do good , to be kind ,
and also to avoid harm wherever and whenever possible . Medical
practitioners understand nonmaleficence to actually mean , ``above all ,
do no harm ' Beneficence is the opposite of nonmaleficence , of course .
This very important ethical principle makes it obligatory of medical
practitioners to provide benefit to those that they work for (Nuhfer .
The last two ethical principles - those of beneficence and
nonmaleficence - are especially important in the area of genetics .
Medical genetics is , after all , a field of medicine that is chiefly
involved in the provision of services to people with genetic diseases ,
in addition their families , the carriers , and high risk groups . Medical
genetic services are , therefore , aimed at the
THE ETHICS OF GENETICS
Page 2
identification of people with genetic defects or a higher susceptibility
than usual to develop genetic defects . After an accurate diagnosis has
been made , the next steps in medical genetics involve the provision of
adequate care , therapeutic measures , as well as the rehabilitation of
the people that require it . Proper steps must also be taken toward the
control and prevention of genetic problems . This is where genetic
counseling comes into play (El-Hazmi 2003 .
Seeing that genetics is the science of genes , heredity , in addition
to the variation of organisms , medical practitioners working with
individuals that have genetic defects must be especially respectful
toward their patients (Genetics 2007 . Genetic defects are very
personal problems . Hence , the doctors are required to show kindness to
those that are suffering from them . Besides , the doctors should seek to
protect their patients with confidentiality if necessary . This is
because the disclosure of the fact that a person is suffering from
genetic defects may become a cause of embarrassment for the patient .
Thus , the medical practitioners are required to avoid harm to their
patients through strict confidentiality . What is more , medical
practitioners must not look down upon those who are suffering from
genetic defects . Rather , they must deal fairly and equally with all of
their patients...

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