How Apoptosis is Essential for Tissue Development in the Thymus

Role of Apoptosis in Development of Thymus

Apoptosis is sequential process of cell death in which external or internal signaling cascade induces the process and have definite cell marker for each stages of cell death , that 's why it refers as PROGRAM CELL DEATH or PCD . Initially it was considered to be a process of destruction and though to be key processes in various diseases . But detail investigations reveal that apoptosis is integral part of normal development and plays an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis during development , differentiation , and pathophysiological

processes (E . W . Suna , 2001 . During development apoptosis helps to sculpture the body , and shape the organs Both the nervous system and the immune system arise through overproduction of cells followed by the death of those that fail to establish functional synaptic connections or productive antigen specificities , respectively . Apoptosis is necessary to purge the body of pathogen-invaded cells , but is also needed to eliminate activated or auto-aggressive immune cells (Heemels , 200

Immune system is highly dynamic in terms of fluctuation of cellular processes and numbers . For example in case of infection there is sudden rise in B cells and T cells while in normal condition it does remain stagnant . Similarly Immune system keeps control and eliminates self reactive / auto reactive B and T cells which otherwise leads to massive destruction of self organ or tissues . Apoptosis become instrumental for above mention two key processes of immune system and maintains immune system in good shapes

Apoptosis and Thymus development

In more than 95 of the cases , the developing T-cell in thymus leads to death and thus apoptosis is the on responsible for it and it is routine process in thymus . Two main reason are known which leads to apoptosis in thymus 1 ) The lack of TCR signaling which is known as death by neglect or a signal that is too strong , which is known as negative selection Both these process are responsible for maintaining a functional yet not auto reactive T cell poll . The remaining 5 of the thymocytes engage in MHC-peptide complex with a relatively weak affinity are positively selected and survive the maturation process to be release in the periphery . These released cells are the recent thymic emigrants (RTEs and they later become mature T-cells . Both the options that lead to T-cell apoptosis in Thymus are briefly described

Death by Neglect : In the maturation process , thymocytes rearrange the V (D )J segments of TCR beta (TCRB ) locus followed by TCR alpha (TCRA locus , leading to the production of T cell with a diverse repeats of TCRs . It is because of the random process , large number of out of frame ' rearrangements as well as TCRs , those unavailable to bind to the MHC-peptide complex , leading many thymocytes unfit to continue differentiation . These thymocytes undergo apoptosis through death by neglect , due to no signal from the pre-TCR or from the TCR . DR and extrinsic pathway are responsible for death by neglect (Badley , 2006

Figure : 1 T-cell apoptosis in Thymus (Badley , 2006...