Paper Topic:

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria/Superbugs

antibiotic-resistant

bacteria (superbugs

2004

Penicillin and other antibiotics have made a real revolution in medicine . Discovery of antibiotics in medicine and their introduction to medical practice became one of the greatest achievements of mankind Antibiotics were called miracle medicines ' because thanks to them millions of human lives were saved . Its creation gave opportunity to doctors almost in 100 percent of cases to cope with any infectious diseases with success . Unfortunately , in contrast to majority of other medicines , effectiveness of antibiotics is decreasing with years . It is quite possible that

in a short period of time majority of existing antibiotics will lose its efficiency (Livermore DM . Are all beta-lactams created equal ,

.34 . The reason is that world of microbes managed to work out different mechanisms which prevent realization of anti-bacterial effect of these medicines . In other words , microorganisms are able to achieve resistance to antibiotics (Livermore DM . Are all beta-lactams created equal ,

.36

According to results of researches , made by different microbiological and medical centers , already in 10-20 years practically all existing microorganisms will become antibiotic-resistant . This will be the reason of unlimited usage of antibiotics not only in medicine but in veterinary as well . Farmers , wishing to protect their cattle from diseases , give to animals huge quantities of antibiotics , which destroy 90 of microbes but make the other 10 , which managed to survive , to develop resistance to medicines (Livermore DM . Are all beta-lactams created equal ,

.38

To tell the truth , there was always resistance to antibiotics Scientists weren 't able to create (till our days and it seems it is impossible to create ) antibiotic , which is effective to all pathogenic bacteria . So , the wall of bacteria cells of majority gram-negative bacteria is impenetrable for benzyl-penicillin , Cephalosporin aminoglycozide are non-effective in respect of endocellular (Chlamydia legionella ) and other which are associated with membrane (mycoplasm activators etc (Bush K . Characterization of ?-lactamases . Antimicrob br

.259 . In such cases we can speak about natural resistance of bacteria to antibiotics . Occurrence and spreading of acquired stability is caused , mainly , by irrational usage of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture ?-lactamases . Antimicrob ,

.260 . The last represent group of chemical compounds which differ by number of parameters : substratum profile spectrum of action structure of active area , which contacts antibiotics localization and type of expression of coding genes sensitivity to ingibitor (Table 1 . We understand substratum profile as ability to comparable or primary hydrolysis of those or others beta-lactam antibiotics . Accordingly we distinguish penicilinases cefallosporinases , carbapenemases , etc . If the genes , which code working-out of beta-lactamas (Levy SB The challenge of antibiotic resistance ,

.33 , are in chromosomes , so there start to spread resistant clones of bacteria . Clone is the posterity of cell-progenitress which was able to incorporate a gene of resistance in its chromosome , or got it as a result of mutation . At the same time , a set of genes of cells-descendants which form clone , will not be different from genes set of a cell- progenitress (Levy SB The challenge of antibiotic resistance , p...

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