Analyze and discuss the chief religious and political elements in the transformation of Europe from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries

CHIEF RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL ELEMENTS IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE IN THE 16TH TO 19TH CENTURY

the rise of the lutheran movement (1517

In European history , one of the remarkable religious transitions was brought about by the rise of the so-called Lutheran Movement . It started when the German monk Martin Luther publicly condemned the sale of indulgences as an assurance of entrance to heaven as one of the traditional practices of Churches during the Middle Ages in Europe (1517 . As an invitation for debates , Luther nailed 95 theses in the church door

in Wittenberg . This action brought about a faction (reformation ) within the Western Church between the Roman Catholics , who recognizes the Pope 's authority and the Protestants , which do not

REFORMATION IN ENGLAND (1527-1545

In Marvin Perry 's book A History of the World , the reformation in England was characterized with `close connection with the struggle for political power

In 1527 , Tudor-ruler Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon to obtain a subsequent marriage with Anne Boleyn . However , Henry VIII failed to obtain divorce as it was highly prohibited by the Catholic Church . Being unsuccessful with the divorce plan , Henry VIII renounced the authority of the Pope . To nullify his marriage with Catherine , he instead sought the help of Protestant churchman Thomas Cranmer to which he later succeeded . On the other hand , the Church made extra efforts to introduce reforms in its administration as well as in propagating Catholic beliefs . Fearing the massive spread of Protestantism in England , Pope Paul II called all churchmen to gather in Trent in 1545 to effectuate such reforms . The gathering was called the Council of Trent which primarily agreed to prohibit the sale of indulgences and also recommended that only those with proper training in seminaries should enter the clergy

PROSPEROUS DAYS OF ENGLAND (1558-1603

In 1558 , Henry VIII 's daughter Elizabeth I (from his wife Anne Boleyn assumed as the ruler of England after her half-sister Mary I (daughter of Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon ) died in the same year . During her 45-year reign , Elizabeth I was able to maintain ly situation within her kingdom . It was also during her incumbency that trade and commerce in England flourished , manifested by its acquisition of its first trading post in India . In 1588 , Elizabeth I also the led the successful revolt against Spain which led to the defeat of the Spanish Armada

EDICT OF NANTES

France was also greatly affected by the Reformation movement in England . Most of the French monarchs remained members of the Catholic Church , while the nobles embraced Protestantism . In restoring harmony in his kingdom , then Huguenot (French Protestant ) king Henry IV of France converted to Catholicism . He later on issued the Edict of Nantes , which primarily grants the Huguenots its freedom , equal treatment under the law as well as equal opportunity to hold vital government positions

Religious conflicts lead to THIRTY YEARS ' WAR (1618-1648

In the dawn of sixteenth century , Europeans became too engrossed with attaining balance of...